The ongoing COVID-19 pandemic, as a result of the SARS-CoV-2 virus, since December 2019, is a major health problem and concern worldwide. The pandemic has impacted various fields, from the social to the development of health science and technology. The virus has been mutating and thus producing several new variants, rushing research in the field of molecular biology to develop rapidly to overcome the problems that occur. Vaccine clinical studies are developing promptly with the aim of obtaining vaccines that are effective in suppressing the spread of the virus; however, the development of viral mutations raises concerns about the decreasing effectiveness of the resulting vaccine, which also results in the need for more in-depth studies. There have been 330 vaccines developed, including 136 clinical developments and 194 pre-clinical developments. The SARS-CoV-2 variant continues to evolve today, and it poses a challenge in testing the effectiveness of existing vaccines. This is a narrative review describing the emergence of the COVID-19 pandemic, development of vaccine platforms, identification of concerning mutations and virus variants in various countries of the world, and real-world monitoring of post-vaccination effectiveness and surveillance.
Abstract Papaya plants (Carica papaya L) besides being a food ingredient are also believed to have medicinal properties and are used traditionally, one of which is in dealing with acne problems. The purpose of this study was to formulate papaya leaf extract in the form of a gel preparation and test its antibacterial activity against the Propionibacterium acnes bacteria. The preparation of the ethanol extract of papaya leaves was made in three concentrations namely 5, 10 and 15%, then tested for antibacterial activity and compared with negative controls (blank gel) and positive control (erythromycin). The results showed that the papaya extract ethanol extract of 10 and 15% leaves had significantly different activities to the negative controls, but the 5% gel formula did not show any different activity towards negative controls. The conclusion of this study is that active papaya leaf ethanol extract gel inhibits bacterial growth at concentrations of 10 and 15%. Keywords: Carica papaya L., gel formula, antibaterial activity, Propionibacterium acnes
Penggunaan body scrub merupakan salah satu perawatan kulit untuk mengangkat sel- sel kulit mati akibat radikal bebas, labu kuning merupakan salah satu tanaman yang banyak mengandung beta karoten serta vitamin C dan E yang berfungsi sebagai antioksidan alami untuk menangkal radikal bebas pada kulit. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk membuat formulasi sediaan krim body scrub yang mengandung sari labu kuning (Cucurbita moschata). Sari labu kuning diformulasikan dalam variasi konsentrasi 10%, 15% dan 20%. Evaluasi formula krim body scrub yang dilakukan meliputi uji homogenitas, organoleptis, pH, stabilitas menggunakan metode cycling test, uji iritasi pada kulit, dan efektivitas pada kulit dengan mengamati kemampuan menghaluskan kulit dan meningkatkan kadar air pada kulit dengan menggunakan perangkat skin analyzer. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa sediaan krim body scrub sari labu kuning (Cucurbita moschata) homogen saat difomulasikan, memiliki bentuk, warna, tidak berubah setelah pengujian stabilitas dengan metode cycling test, dan mempunyai nilai pH yang memenuhi persyaratan pH kulit, serta tidak menimbulkan iritasi pada kulit sukarelawan. Sediaan yang dengan konsentrasi sari labu kuning 20% (F3) memiliki efektivitas paling mendekati kontrol positif yaitu mampu memperbaiki kehalusan kulit (evenness) hingga 50,00% dan meningkatkan kadar air (moisture) hingga 46,33%. Kesimpulan dari penelitian ini adalah sari labu kuning (Cucurbita moschata) dapat diformulasikan dalam bentuk sediaan krim body scrub yang stabil dan mampu memperbaiki kondisi kulit yang kasar menjadi lebih baik.
The purpose of this study was to determine the anti-inflammatory activity test of ethanol extract of lotus seeds in rats induced by carrageenan. The research method used was experimental. The object used in this study was male white rats. Observations were made for 6 hours and then the data were analyzed using the one way analysis of variance (ANOVA) test. The anti-inflammatory activity test was carried out on the test animals which were divided into 5 groups, 3 each with the suspension test group with a dose of 200, 300, 400 mg/kg bw, the negative control group was the CMC Na 1% suspension and the positive control was diclofenac Na 2, 25 mg/kg bw. The results showed that the ethanol extract of the seeds of lotus (Nelumbo nucifera G) was proven to have an anti-inflammatory effect on carrageenan-induced male white rats at doses of 200, 300 and 400 mg/kg BW with the percentage value of inflammation inhibition at the 6th hour was 65.79, 74.65 and 80.77%, with the most effective dose in reducing anti-inflammatory drugs being 400 mg/kg bw. The ethanol extract of the seeds of lotus (Nelumbo nucifera) has anti-inflammatory activity. Keywords: anti-inflammatory activity, Nelumbo nucifera, paw edema
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