The ongoing COVID-19 pandemic, as a result of the SARS-CoV-2 virus, since December 2019, is a major health problem and concern worldwide. The pandemic has impacted various fields, from the social to the development of health science and technology. The virus has been mutating and thus producing several new variants, rushing research in the field of molecular biology to develop rapidly to overcome the problems that occur. Vaccine clinical studies are developing promptly with the aim of obtaining vaccines that are effective in suppressing the spread of the virus; however, the development of viral mutations raises concerns about the decreasing effectiveness of the resulting vaccine, which also results in the need for more in-depth studies. There have been 330 vaccines developed, including 136 clinical developments and 194 pre-clinical developments. The SARS-CoV-2 variant continues to evolve today, and it poses a challenge in testing the effectiveness of existing vaccines. This is a narrative review describing the emergence of the COVID-19 pandemic, development of vaccine platforms, identification of concerning mutations and virus variants in various countries of the world, and real-world monitoring of post-vaccination effectiveness and surveillance.
In 2020, an estimated 19.3 million new cancer cases and nearly 10 million cancer deaths have occurred worldwide, with colorectal cancer ranking as the third most frequently diagnosed (10.0%). Several attempts have been conducted against cancer, including surgery, radiation, monoclonal antibodies, and chemotherapy. Many people choose natural products as alternatives against cancer. These products will not only help in human life preservation but also work as a source of up-to-date information, leading people away from incorrect information. We discuss the current status, distribution, and future implications of protecting populations with natural products as an alternative against colorectal cancer in Indonesia. Thirty-eight studies were included in this review for data extraction. The distribution of natural products in Indonesia that have potential activity against colorectal cancer cells was predominated by terpenoids, followed by phytosterols, phenolics, alkaloids, and polyisoprenoids. The type of cell line utilized in the cytotoxic activity analysis of natural products was the WiDr cell line, followed by HT-29 cells and HCT-116 cells. This review showed that MTT in vitro assay is a general method used to analyze the cytotoxic activity of a natural product against colorectal cancer cells, followed by other in vitro and in vivo methods. The systematic review provided predictions for several secondary metabolites to be utilized as an alternative treatment against colorectal cancer in Indonesia. It also might be a candidate for a future co-chemotherapy agent in safety, quality, and standardization. In addition, computational methods are being developed to predict the drug-likeness of compounds, thus, drug discovery is already on the road towards electronic research and development.
Karies gigi merupakan suatu masalah pada mulut yang disebabkan oleh bakteri Streptococcus mutans, prevalensi karies gigi telah mencapai hingga 60% di Indonesia. Penggunaan obat kumur dinilai efektif, karena dapat membersihkan mulut sampai ke sela-sela gigi. Pada penelitian ini dilakukan uji aktivitas antibakteri sediaan obat kumur dari ekstrak etanol batang sambung nyawa (Gynura procumbens (Lour.) Merr.) terhadap bakteri Streptooccus mutans dengan seri konsenterasi ekstrak 2,5%; 5% dan 10%. Pengujian aktivitas antibakteri dilakukan dengan menggunakan metode difusi cakram. Uji aktivitas antibakteri ekstrak batang sambung terhadap bakteri Streptococcus mutans dilakukan sebagai uji pendahuluan dan hasilnya didapatkan Konsenterasi Hambat Minimum (KHM) terhadap pertumbuhan bakteri Streptococcus mutans ada pada konsenterasi ekstrak 2,5% dengan rata-rata zona hambatan sebesar 7,80 mm. Rata-rata zona hambat terhadap pertumbuhan bakteri Streptococcus mutans lebih tinggi dalam sediaan obat kumur dibandingkan dengan bentuk ekstrak yang masih murni, dikarenakan adanya beberapa bahan pada formulasi sediaan obat kumur yang dapat berfungsi sebagai agen antibakteri, seperti gliserin, menthol dan natrium benzoat. Zona hambatan terhadap pertumbuhan bakteri Streptococcus mutans meningkat seiring dengan meningkatnya konsenterasi dari ekstrak etanol batang sambung nyawa. Data zona hambat pertumbuhan bakteri dianalisis menggunakan One Way ANOVA dengan taraf kepercayaan 95%. Evaluasi stabilitas dari sediaan obat kumur meliputi pemeriksaan organoleptis, homogenitas dan pH yang dilakukan selama empat minggu penyimpanan pada suhu ruang menunjukkan hasil yang stabil.
Diabetes melitus (DM) is defined as a chronic metabolic disease or disorder with multiple etiologies characterized by high blood sugar levels. One way to treat diabetes mellitus is inhibiting the α-glucosidase enzyme. This study aims to determine the inhibition of α-glucosidase of methanol extract of kiwi fruit (Actinidia deliciosa) . Kiwi fruit (Actinidia deliciosa) contains saponins characterized by the formation of foam, positive flavonoid characterized by the formation of a yellow color (orange) and positive alkaloid which is characterized by brown color in wagner test. The inhibition activity test of α-glucosidase enzyme was performed by using spectrophotometric method. The results of the inhibition activity test of α-glucosidase enzyme in acarbose showed the value of 13,672 μg/mL, while the methanol extract of kiwi fruit showed IC 50 value of 7.219 μg/mL. It demonstrated that the methanol extract of kiwi fruit has the inhibition activity greater than acarbose.
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