In the past few years, the energy consumption of the land transportation sector has increased considerably. One of the breakthroughs by the Government through Presidential Regulation No. 22/2017 concerning General Plan for National Energy (RUEN) is the use of electricity-based vehicles to reduce fuel consumption and achieve energy security. Successful policy making for emerging industries depends on two main factors: the adoption of scientific perspectives and accuracy to predict impacts. Therefore, this review aims to conduct a study of policy simulation methodologies related to the use of electric vehicles in Indonesia. Also, identification of the gaps and limitations of previous research is carried out and recommending an agenda for further research.

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The Indonesian transportation sector is currently the nation’s largest consumer of petroleum products and a significant source of greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions overall. Many policies have been implemented by central and local governments, from the introduction of alternative fuels until demand management like odd-even policy; results, however, are in most cases disappointing. This paper explained a system dynamics model for the road transportation sector in Indonesia. The model considers basic policy options under Activity, Structure, Intensity, and Fuel (ASIF) framework and includes two main objectives, i.e., reduction of energy consumption and CO2 emission. Policy scenarios were developed to cover business as usual (REF), transport demand management (TDM), the introduction of fuel economy (FE) standard and feebate system (FEE), adoption of electric vehicles (EV) which considers future technological improvement factors and fuel switching strategy. The result indicates that it is mandatory to have a policy mix as the most effective strategy to reduce energy consumption, CO2 emission and achieve national energy mix target in 2050.

Deaths among children and pets, as well as damage to car interior components, have been widely reported as a result of parking under direct sunlight for a long time. Rising car cabin temperatures in this condition trigger the formation of benzene gas, but it is not possible to turn on the AC due to security and energy consumption. Therefore, this article reports the experimental study on cabin cooling system for parked car under direct sunlight by applying a mini air cooler and exhaust fan powered by a solar cell on small car Bajaj Qute RE60. Two thermocouples were installed inside and outside the cabin to monitor the temperature for 7 hours, expressing daytime heat conditions. The results showed that this cooling system could reduce the temperature to 10 K by removing 8982 kJ (0.356 kW) of heat. In conclusion, this prototype is very promising to be developed and if implemented on a larger scale will reduce car interior damage while parking under direct sunlight.

Because of the significant demand for fuels in the transportation sector in Indonesia, as well as concerns about energy security and global warming, renewable, sustainable, and alternative energy sources such as biofuels are required to replace petroleum-based fuels.  Promoting the production of green diesel from crude palm oil (CPO) using palm fatty acid distillate (PFAD) as its byproduct will make the overall process more efficient and environmentally friendly in Indonesia.  As a result, CPO-based diesel production will be a green and high-value sector.  By replacing fossil diesel with green diesel, a sustainable energy source can be assured without further depleting current fossil fuels, leading to cleaner and greener energy in the future and meeting the net-zero aim by 2060.

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Conventional gasoline engines suffer from low performance and NOx emissions.  Controlled auto-ignition (CAI), sometimes referred to as homogeneous charge compression ignition (HCCI), is a promising concept to solve such problems. CAI has the potential to improve spark ignition (SI) engine fuel economy while at the same time solving the trade-off of NOx-soot emissions found in compression ignition (CI) engines. The CAI engine can reach a fuel economy comparable to that of a conventional diesel engine with ultra-low NOx and negligible soot emissions. However, controlling auto-ignition remains the biggest difficulty that hinders the implementation of CAI as a commercial engine. Research towards a cleaner and more efficient engine is driven by the progressively stringent emission regulation imposed worldwide. Therefore, the CAI was developed to meet the emissions target while maintaining engine performance. CAI works on the principle of lean mixture and auto-ignition. To obtain CAI combustion, the temperatures in the cylinder must be sufficient to initiate auto-ignition. Without the use of a spark plug or injector, the CAI suffers from a direct control mechanism to start the combustion. The most practical approach to controlling the initiation of auto-ignition in CAI is diluting the intake charge by either trapping the residual gas or recirculating the exhaust gas. Both approaches enable the engine to achieve CAI combustion without requiring significant modifications to control the onset of CAI combustion phase.