In the context of this study, the design of L-shaped reinforced concrete retaining walls have been scrutinized parametrically depending on the simultaneous analysis of cost and sizing with the use of a recent optimization algorithm. The differences and restrictions of L-shaped reinforced concrete retaining wall design than classical T-shaped walls have been also discussed. The foundation width and the thickness of the wall required for a safe design has been also investigated according to the change of excavation depth, the type of soil dominating field and the external loading conditions. The observed results from optimization analyses shows that the variation of the shear strength angle is the most significant soil geotechnical parameter for supplying an envisaged safe design against sliding, overturning and adequate bearing capacity. Concurrently, the excavation depth is the most important factor that is forming the necessity of the construction of the retaining structure and optimal dimension evaluation. It is also proved that the wall foundation width is the most effected dimension of the retaining structures by the change of design parameters and the cost difference is directly influenced by the change of sizing. A cost-effective wall design can be performed with the use of proposed optimization analysis is capable in a shorter time than the traditional methods. Eventually, it has shown that such optimization methods may be useful to find the optimal design requirements for geotechnical engineering structures.
Highlights* Earthquake resistant design of retaining walls * Turkish Building Earthquake Code 2018 * The effective parameters of geotechnical design of retaining walls
AimIn this study, the effects of the soil properties on the geotechnical design of reinforced concrete retaining walls are investigated depending on the conducted parametrical analysis based on the Turkish Building Earthquake Code 2018. The dimensions obtained from the dynamic analysis were also compared with the retaining wall preliminary design limits accepted in the literature.
Location Turkey
MethodsThe effects of the soil properties on the geotechnical design of reinforced concrete retaining walls are investigated by conducted parametric analysis depending on Turkish Building Earthquake Code 2018.
ResultsComparative charts are obtained to show the effects of the change of the soil shear strength angle, the soil unit weight, the excavation depth and the amount of external surcharge load on the sizing of the wall system with respect to Turkish Building Earthquake Code 2018.
Highlights * Evaluation of the structural performance of existing buildings under earthquake effects * Earthquake evaluation with non-linear methods * Differences in performance evaluation between TBDY-2018 and DBYBHY-2007 Aim Performance analysis of the structural system under earthquake loads by using non-linear incremental pushover analysis method of an existing reinforced concrete structure according to both DBYBHY-2007 and TBDY-2018 and comparison of results Location Turkey Methods Non-linear analysis method is used Results Although there is a greater demand for displacement in TBDY-2018, the deformation limits are much smaller than DBYBHY-2007. The damage zone differences between the two building codes are due to the difference in the limits of deformation.
R einforced concrete retaining walls are the most preferred type of supporting structures that are constructed in order to resist lateral soil forces, especially activated due to the excavation works which the soil properties of the construction field cannot permit to hold the unbalanced soil mass with slopes. The shape and dimensions of the retaining wall system can be changed due to the project requirements, soil conditions, land ownership situation, infrastructure locations or environmental restrictions and it can be essential to build the sections of the wall with restrictions. The most known type of restricted reinforced concrete retaining walls is L-shaped type. L-shaped retaining walls (LSRW) are generally used for simple loading applications where the foundation length is extended only on the heel side of the wall. In this study, the mentioned L-Shaped type of reinforced concrete retaining walls was considered due to the preferability rather than other restricted type of supporting structures, according to the easiness of their construction works, the attainability of used materials and easiness of the mobilization of necessitated equipment for construction. The design process of
Consistency limits are essential and simple design parameters that are utilized as standard entries of all kinds of soil investigation programs conducted for geotechnical projects which are constructed in/on fine grained soils. These limits also represent mineralogical and physical properties of clayey soils directly and used to estimate their strength and rigidity properties indirectly. However, the consistency tests are assumed as the simple and basic tests of geotechnical engineering investigations, but the effects of operator, calibration of the device and environmental aspects at the tests damage the reliability and correctness of results. In this paper, it is aimed to overcome these challenges by evaluating the consistency characteristics of clayey soils considering only the values of liquid limit of specific clays with the use of simple regression analysis. A database is prepared by using 500 soil investigation reports that are involving the site characterization information, laboratory and field tests of Istanbul Province European side clayey soils, including Avcılar, Esenyurt, Küçükçekmece, Büyükçekmece, Çatalca, Zeytinburnu, Bahçelievler, Bakırköy districts. 1523 liquid limit tests are obtained from the mentioned database for high and very high plastic clays. The regression analyses have been applied to query the parameter effect ratio on the consistent characteristics and relationships have been tried to be developed to evaluate the values of plastic limit and plasticity index directly from only liquid limit test applications. The effects of fine material content, depth and natural water content is also investigated. Verifications of the suggested equations have been done for different cases and comparisons are made with the well-known sources of literature. Consequently, strong equations are acquired to determine the plasticity index value in terms of liquid limit, liquid limit-depth, liquid limit-fine content, natural water content-fine content respectively based on the actual experimental tests conducted in Istanbul.
In addition to conventional retrofitting of constructions, new technologies are rapidly being developed to withstand the external effects while sustaining an acceptable level of damage. Reinforced concrete structures strengthened with fiber reinforced polymer composite materials are becoming more and more widespread in structural applications due to their better mechanical properties, resistance to environmental influences, ease of application and light weight, as well as conventional methods of strengthening. In this study, strengthening technique as a methodology for externally bonded with carbon fiber reinforced polymer (CFRP) sheets to increase the flexural resistance of reinforced concrete beams has been investigated. For this purpose, eight reinforced concrete beams were produced considering different types of CFRP configuration and tested under four-point bending loading. The dimensions of the beams are 150×250×2600 mm and concrete cover of the first and second group of test beam are 20 mm and 40 mm, respectively. Finally, loaddeflection behavior with the failure mechanism of the tested beams have been discussed and the effect of different schemes of strengthening on the flexural behavior has been evaluated.
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