Highlights* Earthquake resistant design of retaining walls * Turkish Building Earthquake Code 2018 * The effective parameters of geotechnical design of retaining walls
AimIn this study, the effects of the soil properties on the geotechnical design of reinforced concrete retaining walls are investigated depending on the conducted parametrical analysis based on the Turkish Building Earthquake Code 2018. The dimensions obtained from the dynamic analysis were also compared with the retaining wall preliminary design limits accepted in the literature.
Location Turkey
MethodsThe effects of the soil properties on the geotechnical design of reinforced concrete retaining walls are investigated by conducted parametric analysis depending on Turkish Building Earthquake Code 2018.
ResultsComparative charts are obtained to show the effects of the change of the soil shear strength angle, the soil unit weight, the excavation depth and the amount of external surcharge load on the sizing of the wall system with respect to Turkish Building Earthquake Code 2018.
Consistency limits are essential and simple design parameters that are utilized as standard entries of all kinds of soil investigation programs conducted for geotechnical projects which are constructed in/on fine grained soils. These limits also represent mineralogical and physical properties of clayey soils directly and used to estimate their strength and rigidity properties indirectly. However, the consistency tests are assumed as the simple and basic tests of geotechnical engineering investigations, but the effects of operator, calibration of the device and environmental aspects at the tests damage the reliability and correctness of results. In this paper, it is aimed to overcome these challenges by evaluating the consistency characteristics of clayey soils considering only the values of liquid limit of specific clays with the use of simple regression analysis. A database is prepared by using 500 soil investigation reports that are involving the site characterization information, laboratory and field tests of Istanbul Province European side clayey soils, including Avcılar, Esenyurt, Küçükçekmece, Büyükçekmece, Çatalca, Zeytinburnu, Bahçelievler, Bakırköy districts. 1523 liquid limit tests are obtained from the mentioned database for high and very high plastic clays. The regression analyses have been applied to query the parameter effect ratio on the consistent characteristics and relationships have been tried to be developed to evaluate the values of plastic limit and plasticity index directly from only liquid limit test applications. The effects of fine material content, depth and natural water content is also investigated. Verifications of the suggested equations have been done for different cases and comparisons are made with the well-known sources of literature. Consequently, strong equations are acquired to determine the plasticity index value in terms of liquid limit, liquid limit-depth, liquid limit-fine content, natural water content-fine content respectively based on the actual experimental tests conducted in Istanbul.
Bu çalışma kapsamında, düşük plastisiteli killi zeminlerin kıvam özelliklerinin tahmininde Rastgele Orman yönteminin uygulanabilirliği değerlendirilmiştir. Bu amaçla, Birleştirilmiş Zemin Sınıflandırma Sistemi'ne göre düşük plastisiteli kil sınıfında yer alan 665 adet zeminin likit, plastik limit ve su muhtevası deney sonuçları derlenerek bir veri seti oluşturulmuştur. Python yazılımı kullanılarak yapılan tek ve çok değişkenli regresyon analizlerinde likit limit, derinlik, su muhtevası ve doğal birim hacim ağırlığı değerleri bireysel veya gruplar halinde girdi parametreleri olarak değerlendirilmiş ve plastisite indisi tahminindeki etkinlikleri araştırılmıştır. Aynı zamanda, laboratuvar verilerinin tutarsızlık durumları veya belirli bir eğilim izlememesi sebebi ile ortaya çıkan tahmin oranı azalmasına dikkat çekilerek, bu oranlarının Rastgele Orman yöntemi ile nasıl yükseltilebileceği konusu da incelenmiştir. Sonuçlar, Rastgele Orman yönteminin düşük plastisiteli kil zeminlerin plastisite indisi değerinin tahmininde kullanılabilir nitelikte olduğunu göstermektedir.
In this paper, the design process of reinforced concrete retaining walls is investigated under the issue of “project location change effect” which becomes a significant requirement to assess the earthquake resistant design depending on the new Turkish Building Earthquake Code-2018 (TBEC-2018). Within this context, in the light of the related code, fourteen different districts which are located in the Anatolian Side of Istanbul Province (Turkey) have been taken into consideration, to search for also the effects of the supported earth fill depth, the unit weight and the shear strength angle of surrounding soil and the external loading conditions. In this way, it has been aimed to focus on the application details of the design code and reflect the outcomes of the analysis in terms of the changes that happened in wall dimensions depending on the locations of project. Besides, with this study, it is aimed to reveal that the definition of type sectional wall will not be possible with the new code. As the result, the influence rates of the investigated project variants have been explained considering site-specific retaining wall design in terms of integrated relations of the design parameters.
Öz: Uygulama sahalarındaki sınırlar sebebi ile yapıların şevler üzerine ve/veya içine inşa edilmesi durumunda yapıların davranışı şevlerin varlığından etkilenmekte olup bu durum etkileşimli davranış analizlerini gerektirmektedir. Yapı-şev sisteminin bütünsel stabilitesini etkileyen faktörler şevin yüksekliği ve eğimi, yapının şeve uzaklığı, temel zemini türü ve yapının geometrik durumudur. Bunların yanı sıra, dolguların yumuşak zeminler üzerine inşa edilmesi taşıma kapasitesi göçmesi ve şev stabilitesi gibi geoteknik problemleri de barındıran bir zemin-yapı etkileşimi problemi oluşturmaktadır. Bu çalışmanın amacı bütünsel davranış üzerinde farklılık oluşturan tüm faktörlerin davranış üzerindeki etki derecesinin belirlenmesidir. Bu amaçla, dolgu-şev ve temel zemininden oluşan etkileşimli sistemin davranışı birçok parametrik değerlendirme yapılarak iki boyutlu uzayda sonlu elemanlar analizleri yapılarak irdelenmiştir.
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