In this paper, the probability of error ðP e Þ expression of asynchronous direct sequence-code division multiple access (DS-CDMA) signals using band-limited chip waveforms is derived over multi-path Rayleigh fading channels. In receiver, a matched filter-based rake receiver in conjunction with maximum ratio combiner (MRC) is considered. Numerical values for the P e are calculated for various chip waveforms including an optimum wavelet waveform. Analytical results are verified by conducting simulations. Results show that the optimum wavelet-based scheme outperforms time-limited raised cosine, half sine, rectangular and band-limited square-root raised cosine chip waveform-based schemes in terms of the P e and the capacity defined as the number of users per Hertz for a same P e level. of information. Each digit of the spreading codes is encoded by a pulse shaping waveform called chip waveform. Chip waveforms are continuous-time waveforms. It was shown by Lehnert and Geraniotis and Pursley [2, 3] that the multiple access interference (MAI) of DSSS communication systems depended on the actual shape of chip waveform as well as its energy. Besides, the bandwidth of the chip waveform determines the bandwidth of DSSS signals [2]. Since the MAI degrades the probability of error ðP e Þ performance for DS-CDMA-based systems, the performance can be improved by selecting a proper chip waveform. The selection of the chip waveform has become the subject of many researches [2][3][4][5][6][7][8][9][10]. In these works, the time-limited chip waveforms (limited to one chip interval) are considered. For the time-limited chip waveforms, only two neighbour chip waveforms overlap. In such a case, partial crosscorrelation function (PCF) derived by Lehnert and Geraniotis and Pursley [2, 3] is used to determine the MAI and the P e expressions over asynchronous and multi-path fading channels. In a recent work [11], the design of time-limited chip waveforms used with low pass filters at both transmitter and receiver to obtain band-limited transmitted signal is considered. However, nontime-limited (i.e. band-limited) pulse shaping waveforms, the durations of which are greater than one chip interval, are recently considered as chip waveforms: band-limited square root raised cosine (SRRC) chip pulse is used as the chip waveform in standardized wide-band CDMA-based 3G cellular systems [12], and the future systems will also consider such chip waveforms due to their compact bandwidths. For band-limited chip waveforms, the PCF derived by Lehnert and Geraniotis and Pursley [2, 3] cannot be used, because multi-chip waveforms overlap in time. In [13,14], the P e of DS-CDMA signal over asynchronous channels is derived for band-limited chip waveforms. In these works [13,14], the effects of multi-path fading are not considered.Orthogonal wavelets have been used as pulse shaping waveforms of digital symbols in [15][16][17][18][19][20][21]; however, there are few studies for the use of continuous time wavelet waveforms as the chip waveforms of DS-CDMA sign...
Highlights * Evaluation of the structural performance of existing buildings under earthquake effects * Earthquake evaluation with non-linear methods * Differences in performance evaluation between TBDY-2018 and DBYBHY-2007 Aim Performance analysis of the structural system under earthquake loads by using non-linear incremental pushover analysis method of an existing reinforced concrete structure according to both DBYBHY-2007 and TBDY-2018 and comparison of results Location Turkey Methods Non-linear analysis method is used Results Although there is a greater demand for displacement in TBDY-2018, the deformation limits are much smaller than DBYBHY-2007. The damage zone differences between the two building codes are due to the difference in the limits of deformation.
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