Pollen is one of the most valuable nutrients due to its content and antioxidant activity. In this study, its botanic origin, total phenol content (TPC), total flavonoid content (TFC), the hydrogen peroxide scavenging activity (HPSA) (in terms of SC), ferric reducing antioxidant power capacity (FRAP), 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) radical scavenging activity (in terms of SC), metal-chelating activity (MCA) (%), and heavy metal content were examined to determine the quality of pollen that has been collected from seven different cities of Turkey. According to the melissopalynological analysis, the botanic origin of samples is six uni-flora and one multiflora. The TPC, TFC, HPSA, FRAP, DPPH, and MCA were found between 1360.70-2981.34 mg GAE/100 g, 74.23-111.74 mg CAE/100 g, 25.56-30.28 μg/mL, 71.92-73.86%, 52.26-53.27 μg/mL, and 43.97-65.21%, respectively. When obtained results compared to the standards (Butylated Hydroxy Anisole (BHA), Butylated Hydroxy Toluene (BHT) and α-Tocopherol (TOC)), pollen samples showed the effective antioxidant properties with respect to HPSA, FRAP, and DPPH radical scavenging activity. In addition, it was observed that honey samples were being contaminated with most of the metals to some extent (Al, Cr, Mn, Fe, Ni, Cu, Zn, B, As, Te, U), while some heavy metals (Co, Cd, V, Ga, and Ag) were never determined in all samples. However, Pb was determined only in sample 2 and sample 4, Mo in sample 1 and sample 2. According to meteorological parameters, samples 3, 4, and 5 were distinguished from the other samples. Finally, the data indicate that pollen could be affected by environmental pollutions.
B u çalışma ile Türkiye propolisi için bitkisel bir köken olan Castanea sativa'nın anatomik ve palinolojik karakterlerinin araştırılması amaçlanmıştır. Bu kapsamda, Castanea sativa bitkisinin yaprak ve gövde enine kesitleri incelenmiştir. Mikroskobik inceleme ile yaprak enine kesitinde palizat ve sünger parenkiması, üst ve alt epidermis, sklerenkima ve iletim demetleri gözlenmiştir. Gövde enine kesitinde ise periderm, sklerenkimatik doku, sekonder ksilem, sekonder floem, vaskular kambiyum ve parenkimatik öz gözlenmiştir. Palinolojik analiz ile polenin radyal simetrik, izopolar ve trikolporat olduğu belirtilmiştir. Mikroskobik analizlerin yanında, Castanea sativa propolisinin kimyasal içeriği gaz kromatografisi ve kütle spektrometresi (GC-MS) cihazı ile analiz edilmiştir. Propolisin etanol özütünün kimyasal analizi ile alkoller, aldehidler, alifatik asit ve esterleri, karboksilik asit ve esterleri, sinamik asit ve esterleri, flavonoidler, hidrokarbonlar ve ketonlar grubuna ait bileşikler tespit edilmiştir. "Benzoik asit" bileşiği %7.88'lik oranla özütte en yüksek miktarda bulunan bileşiktir. Bu çalışmanın anatomik, palinolojik ve kimyasal analiz sonuçları Türkiye arıcılığı ve arı ürünleri ile ilgili ileriki çalışmalara ışık tutacaktır.
Bee bread is a unique natural product made by bees and good for human health. It has many bioactive molecules that can treat or prevent diseases. In this study, melissopalynological methods were used to examine five bee bread samples. Major plant sources found in bee bread were Lotus spp., Trifolium spp., and Xeranthemum spp., which are from the Fabaceae and Asteraceae families. Then, the amount of phenolic compounds and major carotenoids in bee bread (BB) samples were quantified. Gallic acid, caffeic acid, quercetin, and kaempferol were found in all BB samples, with β-carotene being the most abundant carotenoid in all but BB1. In addition, the total phenolic/flavonoid content and antioxidant activities of all BB samples were determined. Total flavonoid, total phenolic, DPPH * , and ABTS * + values were varied between 5.6 -10.00 mg GAE/g DW, 1.2 -4.3 mg QE/g DW, 1.2 -5.5 mg TEAC/g DW, and 2.6-15.4 mg TEAC/g DW, respectively.
Propolis is a natural bioactive mix and a traditional medicine that has been used for treating several complications. The bioactive properties of propolis are dependent on its botanical origin. This study investigated the pollen composition, antioxidant activities, and the total phenol and total flavonoid content of a propolis sample from the Refahiye (Erzincan, Turkey) region. Melissopalynological analysis conducted according to the relevant literature revealed that the pollen profile of the sample primarily indicated the presence of the Fabaceae (38.4%), Asteraceae (20.2%), and Fagaceae (11.2%) families. The antioxidant ability of propolis extract was analyzed by the hydrogen peroxide scavenging activity (HPSA) (in terms of SC50), ferric reducing antioxidant power capacity (FRAP) (%), DPPH radical scavenging activity (in terms of SC50), metal-chelating activity (%), total phenol content (TPC), and total flavonoid content (TFC), which showed the following values: 11.72±0.04 µg/mL, 90.73% ± 0.24%, 18.34±0.08 µg/mL, 89.69% ± 0.12%, 10673.4±3.30 mg GAE/100 g of propolis sample (PS), and 170.65±1.12 mg QE/100 g of PS, respectively. These results were compared using butylated hydroxyanisole (BHA), butylated hydroxytoluene (BHT), and α-tocopherol (TOC) as standard antioxidant compounds. The high biological activity of propolis from the Refahiye region could be attributed to its rich pollen composition. These results indicate that propolis is an important source in terms of its antioxidant activities.
Objective: In this paper, we aimed to evaluate the pollen composition and antioxidant activity of 4 randomly selected honey samples from the Bitlis region in 2017. Material and Method: The melisopalynological analysis was used standard protocol without acetolysis. The antioxidant activity of samples were evaluated using several in vitro methods, 1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl free radical scavenging activity (DPPH), hydrogen peroxide scavenging activity (HPSA), Ferrous ions chelating activities (FICA), 2,2'-azino-bis-3-ethylbenzthiazoline-6-sulphonic acid radical cation scavenging assays (ABTS) and the ferric reducing antioxidant power assays (FRAP). Result and Discussion: All the samples were determined as multifloral honey. Outcomes obtained declared that the antioxidant activity changed remarkably from honey to honey. ABTS and FICA of samples differ slightly each other's.
The study was aimed to assess botanic origin, antioxidant activity, antimicrobial activity and physicochemical properties of four honey samples were collected in Turkey. The melissopalynologic results revealed that Sample 1 and 2 are polyfloral, and others are unifloral. Total contents of phenolics (116.47-1711.13 mg GAE/100g) and flavonoids (1.46-27.25 mg CAE/100g) were analyzed, and the antioxidant activities measured by ferrous ion chelating activity (FICA) (71.32-93.35%), hydrogen peroxide scavenging activity (HPSA) (SC 50 : 217.8-1238.39 µg/mL), 2,2'-azino-bis (3-ethylbenzothiazoline-6-sulfonic acid) (ABTS) radical scavenging (SC 50 : 20.15-27.14 µg/mL), 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) radical scavenging activity (SC 50 : 22.93-308.17 µg/mL) and ferric reducing antioxidant power (FRAP) (71.03-99.54%) differed notably. For comparison of the samples, butylated hydroxy anisol (BHA), rutin (RUT) and trolox (TRO) were used as standard antioxidant compounds. According to these results, samples showed more efficient antioxidant activity than TRO except for ABTS assay. Also, Sample 1 and 4 have higher FICA activity and Sample 2 and 3 demonstrated more FRAP activity than standards. Honey samples demonstrated an inhibitory effect on the growth of Staphylococcus aureus and Escherichia coli, according to agar diffusion assays and minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) values.
Bee pollen contains many nutrients, including minerals. Elements are minor substances of bee pollen, they play a crucial role in identifying its quality. As a food supplement, concentrations of essential macro and microelements, and harmful trace elements have to be verified to determine its quality and safety. This study aimed to identify the element contents of bee pollens from different botanic sources. Firstly, we applied melissopalynological analysis to find the botanical origins of bee pollen samples. Then, it was determined the concentrations of 13 elements in the samples. Element concentration was measured by Inductively Coupled Plasma Mass Spectrometry (ICP-MS). Potassium (K) occurred at the highest concentrations in samples (8666.67-9623.33), followed by magnesium (Mg) (808.08-672.08), sodium (Na) (263.00-349.67), calcium (Ca) (261.33-294), iron (Fe) (96.00-110), Zn (33.77-57.00), Manganese (Mn) (20.15-33.85), Copper (Cu) (5.27-9.60), Nickel (Ni) (1.13-2.48), Chromium (Cr) (1.95-2.20), Selenium (Se) (0.72-1.03) and Cobalt (Co) (0-008) respectively as mg kg-1. Target hazard quotients (THQ), hazard index (HI), and recommended daily allowance (RDA) values were calculated with these results. Considering the THQ values, it was determined that the consumption of bee pollen was safe for adults, but not suitable for consumption by children. At the same time it was concluded from this study that bee pollen can be a good mineral source in terms of essential elements, K, Mg, Se, Mn, Na, Ca, Fe, Cu., and Cr
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