No abstract

Pollen is one of the most valuable nutrients due to its content and antioxidant activity. In this study, its botanic origin, total phenol content (TPC), total flavonoid content (TFC), the hydrogen peroxide scavenging activity (HPSA) (in terms of SC), ferric reducing antioxidant power capacity (FRAP), 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) radical scavenging activity (in terms of SC), metal-chelating activity (MCA) (%), and heavy metal content were examined to determine the quality of pollen that has been collected from seven different cities of Turkey. According to the melissopalynological analysis, the botanic origin of samples is six uni-flora and one multiflora. The TPC, TFC, HPSA, FRAP, DPPH, and MCA were found between 1360.70-2981.34 mg GAE/100 g, 74.23-111.74 mg CAE/100 g, 25.56-30.28 μg/mL, 71.92-73.86%, 52.26-53.27 μg/mL, and 43.97-65.21%, respectively. When obtained results compared to the standards (Butylated Hydroxy Anisole (BHA), Butylated Hydroxy Toluene (BHT) and α-Tocopherol (TOC)), pollen samples showed the effective antioxidant properties with respect to HPSA, FRAP, and DPPH radical scavenging activity. In addition, it was observed that honey samples were being contaminated with most of the metals to some extent (Al, Cr, Mn, Fe, Ni, Cu, Zn, B, As, Te, U), while some heavy metals (Co, Cd, V, Ga, and Ag) were never determined in all samples. However, Pb was determined only in sample 2 and sample 4, Mo in sample 1 and sample 2. According to meteorological parameters, samples 3, 4, and 5 were distinguished from the other samples. Finally, the data indicate that pollen could be affected by environmental pollutions.

B u çalışma ile Türkiye propolisi için bitkisel bir köken olan Castanea sativa'nın anatomik ve palinolojik karakterlerinin araştırılması amaçlanmıştır. Bu kapsamda, Castanea sativa bitkisinin yaprak ve gövde enine kesitleri incelenmiştir. Mikroskobik inceleme ile yaprak enine kesitinde palizat ve sünger parenkiması, üst ve alt epidermis, sklerenkima ve iletim demetleri gözlenmiştir. Gövde enine kesitinde ise periderm, sklerenkimatik doku, sekonder ksilem, sekonder floem, vaskular kambiyum ve parenkimatik öz gözlenmiştir. Palinolojik analiz ile polenin radyal simetrik, izopolar ve trikolporat olduğu belirtilmiştir. Mikroskobik analizlerin yanında, Castanea sativa propolisinin kimyasal içeriği gaz kromatografisi ve kütle spektrometresi (GC-MS) cihazı ile analiz edilmiştir. Propolisin etanol özütünün kimyasal analizi ile alkoller, aldehidler, alifatik asit ve esterleri, karboksilik asit ve esterleri, sinamik asit ve esterleri, flavonoidler, hidrokarbonlar ve ketonlar grubuna ait bileşikler tespit edilmiştir. "Benzoik asit" bileşiği %7.88'lik oranla özütte en yüksek miktarda bulunan bileşiktir. Bu çalışmanın anatomik, palinolojik ve kimyasal analiz sonuçları Türkiye arıcılığı ve arı ürünleri ile ilgili ileriki çalışmalara ışık tutacaktır.

Bee bread is a unique natural product made by bees and good for human health. It has many bioactive molecules that can treat or prevent diseases. In this study, melissopalynological methods were used to examine five bee bread samples. Major plant sources found in bee bread were Lotus spp., Trifolium spp., and Xeranthemum spp., which are from the Fabaceae and Asteraceae families. Then, the amount of phenolic compounds and major carotenoids in bee bread (BB) samples were quantified. Gallic acid, caffeic acid, quercetin, and kaempferol were found in all BB samples, with β-carotene being the most abundant carotenoid in all but BB1. In addition, the total phenolic/flavonoid content and antioxidant activities of all BB samples were determined. Total flavonoid, total phenolic, DPPH * , and ABTS * + values were varied between 5.6 -10.00 mg GAE/g DW, 1.2 -4.3 mg QE/g DW, 1.2 -5.5 mg TEAC/g DW, and 2.6-15.4 mg TEAC/g DW, respectively.

Propolis is a natural bioactive mix and a traditional medicine that has been used for treating several complications. The bioactive properties of propolis are dependent on its botanical origin. This study investigated the pollen composition, antioxidant activities, and the total phenol and total flavonoid content of a propolis sample from the Refahiye (Erzincan, Turkey) region. Melissopalynological analysis conducted according to the relevant literature revealed that the pollen profile of the sample primarily indicated the presence of the Fabaceae (38.4%), Asteraceae (20.2%), and Fagaceae (11.2%) families. The antioxidant ability of propolis extract was analyzed by the hydrogen peroxide scavenging activity (HPSA) (in terms of SC50), ferric reducing antioxidant power capacity (FRAP) (%), DPPH radical scavenging activity (in terms of SC50), metal-chelating activity (%), total phenol content (TPC), and total flavonoid content (TFC), which showed the following values: 11.72±0.04 µg/mL, 90.73% ± 0.24%, 18.34±0.08 µg/mL, 89.69% ± 0.12%, 10673.4±3.30 mg GAE/100 g of propolis sample (PS), and 170.65±1.12 mg QE/100 g of PS, respectively. These results were compared using butylated hydroxyanisole (BHA), butylated hydroxytoluene (BHT), and α-tocopherol (TOC) as standard antioxidant compounds. The high biological activity of propolis from the Refahiye region could be attributed to its rich pollen composition. These results indicate that propolis is an important source in terms of its antioxidant activities.

Objective: In this paper, we aimed to evaluate the pollen composition and antioxidant activity of 4 randomly selected honey samples from the Bitlis region in 2017. Material and Method: The melisopalynological analysis was used standard protocol without acetolysis. The antioxidant activity of samples were evaluated using several in vitro methods, 1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl free radical scavenging activity (DPPH), hydrogen peroxide scavenging activity (HPSA), Ferrous ions chelating activities (FICA), 2,2'-azino-bis-3-ethylbenzthiazoline-6-sulphonic acid radical cation scavenging assays (ABTS) and the ferric reducing antioxidant power assays (FRAP). Result and Discussion: All the samples were determined as multifloral honey. Outcomes obtained declared that the antioxidant activity changed remarkably from honey to honey. ABTS and FICA of samples differ slightly each other's.

Honey is one of the most known beeproduct in worldwide. The aim of this study is to interpret botanic origin, and antioxidant activity of five honey samples from Bitlis region. All the samples were classified as multifloral. The total phenol content (TPC), total flavonoid content (TFC), hydrogen peroxide scavenging activity (HPSA), ferric reducing antioxidant power (FRAP), DPPH radical scavenging activity (DPPH), ferrous ions chelating activity (FICA), ABTS radical cation scavenging activity (ABTS) of honey samples were found between,

Honey is one of the important honey bee products and varies total phenolic and flavonoid contents depending on mainly its floral source. In this study, the total phenolic-flavonoid content and pollen composition of fifteen honey samples were investigated from Ordu in Turkey. According to melissopalynological (qualitative) analysis, eleven honey samples were unifloral (Castanea sativa (9); Rosaceae (1) and Onobrychis spp.(1)), while four samples were multifloral. The forty-two pollen types from the samples were identified. The melissopalynological (quantitative) analysis based on Maurizio's Class demonstrated that one in Class II, three in Class III, one in Class IV and ten in Class V. Total phenolic and total flavonoid amunts in these honeys varied from 32.5-171.05 mg GAE (gallic acid equivalent)/100g, 1.65-38.75 mg CAE (catechin equivalent)/100g, respectively. According to this study the highest flavonoid levels obtained from Sample 9 (multifloral) and the highest phenolic contents were shown in sample 1 (C. sativa). This study contributes to literature about Ordu honeys.