Background. It was recently shown by our group that bilirubin has a neurotropic activity. It is also shown that endogenous uric acid exerts a noticeable modulating effect on neuro-endocrine adaptation factors. In this study, we supplemented the constellation both of subjects of influence with other nitrogenous metabolites - urea and creatinine, and the objects of influence - with plasma levels of the main adaptation hormones and the severity of trait and reactive anxiety. Materials and Methods. The object of observation were almost healthy volunteers: 30 females (30÷76 y) and 31 males (24÷69 y). In basal conditions determined plasma levels of nitrogenous metabolites as well as cortisol, aldosterone, testosterone, triiodothyronine and calcitonin, estimated the severity of the trait and reactive anxiety, recorded the ongoing HRV and EEG. After 4 or 7 days, repeated testing was performed. Results. By constructing regression models, it was found that direct bilirubin determines the levels of psycho-neuro-endocrine parameters by 66,0%, free bilirubin by 56,7%, uric acid by 40,8%, creatinine by 37,6%, and urea - by 31,1%. Taken together, nitrogenous plasma metabolites determine the severity of trait, but not reactive anxiety, plasma levels of testosterone, cortisol and triiodothyronine, but not calcitonin and aldosterone, as well as a number of HRV and EEG parameters by 70,6%. Conclusion. Nitrogenous plasma metabolites, even in the absence of uremia, are able to influence the state of the psyche, autonomic and central nervous and endocrine systems, apparently through aryl hydrocarbon and adenosine receptors of neurons and endocrinocytes and/or directly.
Background. Earlier we showed, by constructing regression models, that plasma nitrogenous metabolites (uric acid, urea, creatinine and bilirubin) are able to influence the state of the trait anxiety, autonomic and central nervous and endocrine systems. In this study of the same cohort, other methodological approaches were used. Materials and Methods. The object of observation were almost healthy volunteers: 30 females (30÷76 y) and 31 males (24÷69 y). In basal conditions determined plasma levels of nitrogenous metabolites as well as cortisol, aldosterone, testosterone, triiodothyronine and calcitonin, estimated the severity of the trait and reactive anxiety, recorded the ongoing HRV and EEG. After 4 or 7 days, repeated testing was performed. Results. By the method of cluster analysis, four groups were created, the members of which differ minimally from each other in terms of the constellation of nitrogenous metabolites, but differ maximally from the members of other groups. Using the method of discriminant analysis, it was found that nitrogenous clusters differ from each other in terms of sex, age, trait anxiety, as well as 30 neuro-endocrine parameters. Conclusion. The obtained data confirm and supplement previous data on the physiological psycho-neuro-endocrine activity of plasma nitrogenous metabolites.
Background. Earlier we found a strong urato-neural relationships in both men and women. Moreover, in women, the factor structure of the neural root is almost completely different from that in men. In addition, significant differences were found between the profiles of urato-neural correlations of women of reproductive age and postmenopausal women. The purpose of this study is to analyze the relationships between the plasma urea level and some psycho-neuro-endocrine parameters in the same cohort. Materials and Methods. The object of observation were almost healthy volunteers: 31 males (24÷69 y) and 30 females, from among them 18 postmenopausal (48÷76 y) and 12 of reproductive age (30÷45 y). In basal conditions we determined plasma levels of urea and adaptation hormones, estimated the severity of the trait and reactive anxiety, recorded the ongoing HRV and EEG. After 4 or 7 days, repeated testing was performed. Results. By building regression models with stepwise exclusion, it was found that in men plasma urea positively determines (R2=0,499) the level of circulating catecholamines and power spectrum density (PSD) of δ-, θ- and β-rhythms in different loci. In postmenopausal women, urea downregulates the amplitude and PSD of δ-rhythm in different loci, instead, it upregulates the PSD of α-rhythm in T5 locus, entropy of EEG in 2 loci and vagal tone. The degree of determination of neural parameters is 71,6%. In women of reproductive age the degree of determination of neural parameters is similar (69,9%), but the factor structure of the model is completely different. Urea upregulates the PSD of β-rhythm in F7 locus while downregulates the levels of reactive anxiety, vagal tone, entropy of EEG in 3 loci and P4-θ PSD as well as causes left lateralization of θ- and α-rhythms. Conclusion. Plasma urea has a modulating effect on EEG&HRV parameters, as well as reactive anxiety, but this effect is significantly different in men and women of different ages.
Background. Earlier we found that plasma uric acid and urea causes modulating effects on neuro-endocrine parameters, as well as reactive anxiety, but these effects are significantly different in men and women of different ages. The purpose of this study is to analyze the relationships between the plasma creatinine level and some psycho-neuro-endocrine parameters in the same cohort. Materials and Methods. The object of observation were almost healthy volunteers: 31 males (24÷69 y) and 30 females, from among them 18 postmenopausal (48÷76 y) and 12 of reproductive age (30÷45 y). In basal conditions we determined plasma levels of creatinine and adaptation hormones, estimated the severity of the trait and reactive anxiety, recorded the ongoing HRV and EEG. After 4 or 7 days, repeated testing was performed. Results. By building regression models with stepwise exclusion, it was found that in men plasma creatinine downregulates the level of Cortisol (r=-0,41) while upregulates the levels of Testosterone (r=0,36) and Calcitonin (r=0,30). The degree of determination of endocrine parameters is 31,9%. In postmenopausal women, creatinine also upregulates Testosterone (r=0,43) while downregulates the amplitude and PSD of β-rhythm in different loci as well as causes right lateralization of β-rhythm. The degree of determination of neuro-endocrine parameters is 61,2%. In women of reproductive age creatinine upregulates the PSD of ULF band HRV and α-rhythm in 5 loci as well as the Entropy of EEG in F3 locus while downregulates the Entropy in T6 locus, F3-δ and T6-θ PSD as well as Cortisol level. The degree of determination of neuro-endocrine parameters is 94,0%. Conclusion. Plasma creatinine has a modulating effect on neuro-endocrine parameters, but this effect is significantly different in men and women of different ages.
Background. Despite the well-documented relationships between HRV, EEG and anxiety parameters, studies of their sexual dimorphism, judging by the results of the meta-analysis, have so far been conducted separately. The purpose of this study is to clarify sexual dimorphism in almost synchronously registered psycho-neuro-endocrine parameters. Materials and Methods. The object of observation were practically healthy volunteers: 30 females (30÷76 yr) and 31 males (24÷69 yr). In basal conditions we recorded the ongoing HRV and EEG, determined serum levels of testosterone, calcitonin, cortisol, aldosterone, and triiodothyronine, estimated the severity of the trait and reactive anxiety. After 4 or 7 days, repeated testing was performed. Results. Regardless of age, females differ significantly from males, except for drastically lower levels of testosterone and calcitonin by definition (but not cortisol, aldosterone and triiodothyronine), lower levels of HRV-markers of sympathetic tone (but not heart rate), reactive anxiety, and beta-rhythm asymmetry. On the other hand, trait anxiety, levels of HRV-markers of vagal tone, variability and amplitude of the beta-rhythm, and its power spectral density (PSD) in 12 loci (maximum differences in T6, F3, and T3 loci), amplitude of the theta-rhythm and its PSD in 16 loci (maximum differences in F3, C3, and T3 loci), PSD of the alpha-rhythm in T3, T6, F7, and T4 loci as well as entropy of PSD in F7 and F8 loci are significantly higher in females than in males. The listed parameters are determined by testosterone for 31,7%, and calcitonin for 26,3%. The method of discriminant analysis revealed 20 EEG and 6 HRV parameters as well as trait and reactive anxiety, based on the totality of which males can be retrospectively recognized (without testosterone and calcitonin) with an accuracy of 90,3%, and females with an accuracy of 88,3%. Conclusion. The revealed differences between the sexes were not influenced by at least two bioactive factors, that is, they are robust sex markers.
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