In 2014, Ukraine signed and ratified the Agreement on associated with the EU. One of the requirements advanced in this Agreement lies in establishing the procedures of monitoring, reporting, and verification of the emissions of greenhouse gases (GG) from power plants. This system is based on the assemblage of procedures for estimating the GG emissions. Greenhouse gases formed at the combustion of organic fuels are CO2, CH4, and N2O. Carbon dioxide is the main GG emitted by power plants. In carrying out this work, we developed a method for the calculation of CO2 emission, formed during coal firing at thermal power plants (TPP), based on the carbon content factors with regard for the low calorific value of coal and heat loss due to unburned carbon. Using this method, we obtained the values of specific carbon content factors, CO2 emission factors and gross CO2 emissions from Ukrainian TPP during the last years. We also calculated the gross GG emissions. In 2018, the GG emissions at Ukrainian TPP were equal to 45.5 mln t of CO2-equivalent.The values of specific GG emissions per unit of supplied electric power constituted 1126 g/kW-h. This parameter reached 1186 g/kW-h for coal of grade A and L, and 1112 g/kW-h for grades G and DG. Ref. 16, Tab. 8.
Introduction. The increase in coal share in the fuel balance of thermal power plants has led to increasing the SO 2 annual gross emissions to about 1 million tons. This fact require to introduce technological measures for the reduction of SO 2 emission at coalfired thermal power plants. Materials and Methods. Using a standard procedure, we have performed calculations of the specific flue gases volumes and SO 2 concentrations in them by the data of 96 certificates for coal products from mines and concentrating plants of the Donetsk coal basin. Results and Discussion. As a result, we have obtained empirical linear dependences of the specific volume of dry flue gases on lower heating value and ash content in the fuel and dependences of SO 2 concentration on sulfur and ash content in the fuel, which are different for low-reactive and high-reactive coals. In the case of presence of unburned carbon, the specific volume of dry flue gases decreases by a factor of (1-q u /100), and SO 2 concentration in them increases in the same proportion. We have created an engineering method for determining the specific volume of dry flue gases of coal-fired boilers and expected SO 2 concentration in them based on the data of coal technical analysis in the presence of the heat loss due to unburnt carbon. The method of the specific emissions' calculation at the TPPs and CHPs and the sulphur dioxide concentration expected in it is proposed to use in a range of the fuel ash content A d from 4.0 to 50.0% and the fuel low heat value Q i r from 14.5 to 32.0 MJ/kg. The proposed engineering method has been used for calculating an estimate of the gross SO 2 emissions and volumes of dry flue gases at the Ukrainian coal-fired thermal power plants from 2012 to 2016. The values of sulfur specific emission in flue gases during recent years are at a level of 16-20 grams per kilowatt-hour (kW-h) of electricity supplied. Conclusions. The method developed allows to make the evaluation of the sulphur dioxide emission expected on the basis of the technical analysis data and choose necessary desulphurization technology to meet the environment legislation requirements.
Purpose. Analysing the current state of sulfur dioxide and dust emissions from coal combustion at thermal power plants of Ukraine, predicting them with regard to changes which have occurred in the Ukrainian power industry over the last years, and estimating these emissions to compare with the limit gross emission values of pollutants according to the National Emissions Reduction Plan. Methodology. The method for calculating the pollutant emissions is elaborated, based on using the quantity of produced or supplied electricity for each year of TPP operation. Findings. It has been established that the gross emissions of SO2 at Ukrainian TPPs over the last years have amounted to about 620 thousand tons, and those of dust have made 140 thousand tons. In 2019, the average emission factors for all types of coal were 1180 g/GJ (for sulfur dioxide) and 288 g/GJ (for dust). The average values of specific emissions of SO2 and dust were 14.4 and 3.4g/kWh of supplied electricity, respectively, as compared with 1.2 and 0.2 g/kWh, which are characteristic of the current level at coal TPPs of the EU countries. Originality. Analytic dependency has been established between SO2 emission factors in flue gas at coal TPPs and low heat value and sulfur and ash content for Ukrainian energy coal. Practical value. The developed method allows one to perform calculations of maximum permissible and predicted gross emissions of SO2 and dust at TPPs of Ukraine.
In this paper, an improved engineering model and analysis techniques are presented of the fly ash particles coagulation with droplets in Venturi tubes of industrial scale, based on spatial variation of the collection efficiency of particles on individual droplets, accounting for spray water flow polydispersity and particle size distribution, which allows to define optimal droplets size and spray water flow rate at different modes of thermal power units operation. The model is validated with the published experimental data on the wet Venturi scrubbers operations at the thermal power plants (TPP) in Ukraine, Russia and Kazakhstan. The results of calculations demonstrate good coincidence with experimental data. The influence of the boiler load and spray water consumption on an efficiency of the TPP Venturi wet scrubbers was studied. The simulation results have shown that moderate increment of spray water consumption up to 0.24 L/m 3 allows increasing of the Venturi wet scrubber's efficiency without threat of reaching the dew point in flue gas flow, thus preventing potential corrosion of the power plant equipment downstream. The calculations confirmed that without retrofit of wet scrubbers installed at Ukrainian power plants it will not be possible by these stations to meet European requirements on the allowable levels of emissions from the coal firing power plants.
Semi-dry ammonium desulfurization technology is proposed to meet the requirements of Directive 2010/75/EU on reducing sulfur dioxide emissions and obtaining dry product-ammonium sulfate. The peculiarity of this technology is the presence of a gas-phase reaction of sulfur dioxide with ammonia along with the absorption of SO 2 in drops of ammonia water. The efficiency of the absorption of sulfur dioxide by gaseous ammonia (up to 90%) has been experimentally proved, subject to the presence of water vapor in the gas, the volume concentration of which should exceed the volume concentration of ammonia.
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