ABSTRACT. The objective of this study was to evaluate botanical oils, mineral oils and an insecticide that contained azadirachtin (ICA) for the control of Hypothenemus hampei, in addition to the effects of residual castor oil. We evaluated the effectiveness of the vegetable oils of canola, sunflower, corn, soybean and castor, two mineral oils (assist ® and naturol ® ), and the ICA for the control of H. hampei. The compounds were tested at a concentration of 3.0% (v v -1 ). The median lethal concentration (LC 50 ) was estimated with Probit analysis. The oil of castor bean and extract of castor bean cake were also evaluated at concentrations of 3.0% (v v -1 ) and 3.0% (m v -1 ), respectively. The mortality rates for H. hampei caused by the ICA and the castor oil were 40.8 and 53.7%, with LC 50 values of 6.71 and 3.49% (v v -1 ), respectively. In the castor oil, the methyl esters of the fatty acids were palmitic (1.10%), linoleic (4.50%), oleic (4.02%), stearic (0.50%) and ricinoleic acids (88.04%). The extract of the castor bean cake was not toxic to H. hampei. The persistence of the castor oil in the environment was low, and the cause of mortality for H. hampei was most likely the blockage of the spiracles, which prevented the insects from breathing. ), respectivamente. No óleo de mamona foram identificados os ésteres metílicos dos ácidos graxos: palmítico (1,10%), linoleico (4,50%), oleico (4,02%), esteárico (0,50%) e ricinoleico (88,04%). O extrato da torta da semente de mamona não apresentou toxicidade sobre H. hampei. O óleo de mamona apresentou baixa persistência no ambiente. O óleo de mamona causou a mortalidade de H. hampei, sendo provavelmente devido ao bloqueio dos espiráculos, impedindo a respiração desse inseto.

Trichogramma spp. are major parasitoids of lepidopteran pest eggs, but there is large variation in efficacy toward a given pest among the numerous described Trichogramma species. It is important to select the Trichogramma species that most effectively parasitize and develop in target pest eggs for biological control. In this context, Trichogramma pretiosum, T. exiguum, T. atopovirilia and T. acacioi were studied in Heliothis virescens eggs under different thermal conditions. The parasitoids were reared at constant temperatures of 20, 25 and 30°C and tested at these respective temperatures, while parasitoids reared at 25°C were also tested at 20 and 30°C, for a total of 20 species-temperature combinations. About 30 H. virescens eggs were offered to the parasitoids for 24 h. Among the four species, parasitism rate by T. atopovirilia was highest at all temperature conditions, whereas T. acacioi had the lowest rates of parasitism at 25°C and 25/30°C. Parasitism ranged from 13.8 to 43.8% among all species-temperature combinations. Viability (emerged parasitoids) ranged from 80.8 to 98.4%, and was deemed satisfactory. The emergence rates of T. exiguum and T. acacioi were affected by temperature. Temperature also affected the sex ratio of T. exiguum at 25/30°C, whereas T. pretiosum and T. acacioi produced females predominantly independent of temperature. Overall, the parasitoid T. atopovirilia was the most efficient in parasitizing H. virescens eggs, though the levels of parasitism obtained might not ensure its successful use in biological control programs. The temperature-related differences in biological traits observed in the four Trichogramma species tested hint at the importance of making careful choices regarding climatic conditions where the parasitoid is going to be used when selecting a species for biological control programs.

-The successful use of Trichogramma as biocontrol agent depends on its mass production in laboratory, a fundamental step for any biological control program among other factors. This work investigated the parasitism capacity of Trichogramma pratissolii Querino & Zuchi (Hymenoptera: Trichogrammatidae), a new recorded Trichogramma species, parasitizing eggs of Anagasta kuehniella (Zeller) and Corcyra cephalonica (Stainton) (Lepidoptera: Pyralidae) under the temperatures of 15, 18, 21, 24, 27, 30 and 33ºC. Eggs of these hosts were offered to newly emerged females during 24h. This procedure was repeated daily for each female and each temperature up to female death, in order to estimate daily and accumulated parasitism, and female longevity. On both hosts, the daily parasitism decreased as function of the female age. Under all temperatures studied and both hosts the highest rate of parasitism was observed during the fi rst 24h of host exposure, and reached 80% of total parasitism in the 4 th and 3 rd days when parasitizing A. kuehniella and C. cephalonica, respectively. On both hosts, the highest parasitism rate was observed under temperatures from 21ºC to 27ºC. Average longevities of T. pratissolii females deprived of food emerging from A. kuehniella and C. cephalonica lived for 1.0 and 8.9 days when reared at 15ºC e 33ºC, respectively. The results indicate that eggs of A. kuehniella and C. cephalonica and temperatures from 21ºC to 27ºC were appropriate to rear T. pratissolii.KEY WORDS: Biological control, egg parasitoid, Anagasta kuehniella, Corcyra cephalonica RESUMO -O sucesso no uso de Trichogramma como agente de controle biológico depende de sua produção em laboratório que é etapa fundamental, entre outras, em qualquer programa de controle biológico. Este trabalho investigou a capacidade de parasitismo de Trichogramma pratissolii Querino & Zuchi, uma nova espécie encontrada, parasitando ovos de Anagasta kuehniella (Zeller) e Corcyra cephalonica (Stainton) (Lepidoptera: Pyralidae) submetidos a 15, 18, 21, 24, 27, 30 e 33ºC. Ovos desses hospedeiros foram oferecidos para fêmeas recém-emergidas por 24h. Esse procedimento foi repetido para cada fêmea e temperatura até a morte das fêmeas do parasitóide, para estimar o parasitismo diário, acumulado e a longevidade das fêmeas. Em ambos hospedeiros, o parasitismo diário decresceu em função da idade da fêmea. Em todas as temperaturas estudadas e ambos hospedeiros, o maior parasitismo ocorreu durante as primeiras 24h e, atingiu 80% do total no quarto e terceiro dias quando parasitou A. kuehniella e C. cephalonica, respectivamente. Para ambos os hospedeiros os maiores índices de parasitismo foram observados entre 21ºC e 27ºC. A longevidade média de fêmeas de T. pratissolii sem alimento e provenientes de ovos de A. kuehniella e C. cephalonica sobreviveram de 1,0 a 8,9 dias, quando criadas a 15ºC e 33ºC, respectivamente. Os resultados encontrados indicam que ovos de A. kuehniella e C. cephalonica e temperaturas de 21ºC a 27ºC foram apropriados para criação de T. pra...

A study of the biological characteristics and thermal requirements of the parasitoid Trichogramma pretiosum Riley, 1879 (Hymenoptera: Trichogrammatidae) on eggs of Trichoplusia ni (Hübner, 1802) (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae) at several different temperatures was performed in this work. Eggs of T. ni were exposed to T. pretiosum strain Tspd parasitism for 5 hr and then transferred to environmentally controlled growth chambers set at the temperatures of 18, 21, 24, 27, 30, and 33 ± 1°C. The duration of the T. pretiosum egg-to-adult period was affected by temperature, varying from 6 to 18 d over the range of the studied temperatures. The number of individuals emerged per egg and the sex ratio also were affected by temperature variations, but regression analysis did not find correlation between the increase of temperature and the observed variation of these biological parameters. Similarly, parasitism viability (percentage) was influenced by temperature variation, but always exceeded 80% at all tested temperatures. The thermal lower limit of development (Tbase) and the thermal constant (K) for T. pretiosum were 11.84°C and 128.37 DD, respectively. These results here reported indicate that T. pretiosum was impacted by the temperature, however, this parasitoid had a satisfactory performance on T. ni eggs at all studied temperature (from 18 to 33°C), showing potential to be used successfully as a biological control agent of this pest in different regions that fit in this tested temperature range. Also, the rearing temperature of this parasitoid might be changed from 18 to 33°C, according to commercial demands for accelerating or retarding mass production for field releases without damages to the parasitoid development.

-Chemical insecticides are broadly applied to control diamondback moth, Plutella xylostella (L.). Diamondback moth is a major pest of cruciferous worldwide, and resistance of this pest to insecticide has been often reported. Thus, this research investigated the interactions among the fungi Metarhizium anisopliae (Metsch.) Sorok., Beauveria bassiana (Bals.) Vuill., and the larvalpupal parasitoid Oomyzus sokolowskii (Kurdjumov) before and after application of the fungi on DBM larvae offered to the parasitoid. The experiment was carried out at 26 ± 1

No abstract

Infestation of Trialeurodes variabilis (Quaintance) (Hemiptera: Aleyrodidae) on Papaya Genotypes in Petrolina, Pernambuco State, BrazilABSTRACT -This work aimed at identifying the whitefly species attacking papaya (Carica papaya L.) plants in Petrolina, Pernambuco State, Brazil, and at evaluating the influence of papaya genotypes on insect infestation. Four monthly evaluations were done to estimate the number of eggs and nymphs on eighteen papaya genotypes. Two leaves per genotype, a new leaf and an old one, were removed at each evaluation. The whitefly species was identified as Trialeurodes variabilis (Quaintance). Eggs were found mostly on the terminal and median sections of the new leaves. On the old leaves, eggs and nymphs were mainly present on the proximal and median sections, respectively. The egg numbers were statistically higher on the new leaves of the genotypes CMF-012, CMF-022, CMF-023 and CMF-047. On the old leaves the nymph numbers were the highest on CMF-022, CMF-023 and CMF-047, differing significantly from CMF-012, CMF-020, CMF-021 and CMF-034. In these, infestations were moderate comparing to the remaining genotypes studied, which presented low nymph populations. Sunrise Solo and Tainung n o 1 presented low populations of eggs and nymphs of T. variabilis. In synthesis, papaya genotypes influenced differently the whitefly infestation, and the structure of the pest population varied according to leaf age.KEY WORDS: Insecta, whitefly, Carica papaya, occurrence, plant resistance RESUMO -Este trabalho foi realizado com o objetivo de identificar a espécie de mosca-branca presente em mamoeiro (Carica papaya L.) em Petrolina, PE e avaliar a influência de genótipos de mameiro sobre a infestação do inseto. Para isso, foram realizadas quatro avaliações mensais, estimando-se o número de ovos e ninfas em dezoito genótipos de mamoeiro. Em cada avaliação, foram retiradas duas folhas de uma única planta de cada genótipo, classificadas como folha nova e folha velha. A espécie de mosca-branca encontrada foi Trialeurodes variabilis (Quaintance). O maior número de ovos ocorreu nas regiões apical e mediana de folhas novas. Em folhas velhas, a maior parte dos ovos foi encontrada na região basal e as ninfas ocorreram com maior freqüência na região mediana. Os maiores valores para número de ovos nas folhas novas foram observados em CMF-012, CMF-022, CMF-023 e CMF-047, diferindo significativamente daqueles registrados nos demais genótipos. Nas folhas velhas, CMF-022, CMF-023 e CMF-047 apresentaram as maiores infestações de ninfas, diferindo significativamente de CMF-012, CMF-020, CMF-021 e CMF-034, os quais foram moderadamente infestados, em relação aos demais genótipos, nos quais se registrou baixa população de ninfas. Os genótipos Sunrise Solo e Tainung n o 1 apresentaram baixa população de ovos e ninfas de T. variabilis. No presente trabalho, observou-se que os genótipos de mamoeiro afetaram diferencialmente a infestação da mosca-branca e que a estrutura populacional da praga variou de acordo com a idade da folha.

O Brasil é destaque junto ao cenário mundial na produção de milho, entretanto o uso de cultivares pouco adaptadas as regiões produtoras, além do baixo uso de fertilizantes nitrogenados em cobertura, reduz o potencial produtivo das áreas cultivadas com o milho no Brasil. Dessa forma, objetivou-se avaliar o crescimento e produção do milho (Zea mays L.) híbrido RefúgioMax®, em função de fontes de adubos nitrogenados (N) (ureia tradicional, ureia protegida). O experimento foi conduzido em campo, na área experimental do CCAE (Centro de Ciências Agrárias e Engenharias da UFES), localizada no município de Alegre-ES. Foram avaliados 5 tratamentos dispostos em 5 blocos em delineamento experimental de blocos casualizados, onde o tratamento 1 foi a testemunha (Sem dose de N). As fontes nitrogenadas testadas foram: ureia tradicional (45% N) nas doses 10 e 20g e ureia protegida (Nitro Mais® 44,6% N; B 0,4% e Cu 0,15%) 10 e 20g por planta em cobertura. A adubação de ureia convencional proporcionou aumento de 19,790 kg ha-1 e o Nitro Mais® 25,500 kg ha-1 de forragem. Para os índices de clorofila foliar, a adubação de ureia tradicional e protegida proporcionaram um aumento b e total em todas as concentrações, porém a clorofila a foi o único que obteve uma resposta da adubação na dosagem de 10g de Nitro Mais. Com base nos resultados, verifica-se que a ureia tradicional e protegida influenciaram na produção de forragem e nos índices de clorofila foliar.