Purpose: Recurrent aphthous stomatitis (RAS) is the most common painful ulcerative disease of oral mucosa happening in ~20% of people. Aimed to develop Myrtus communis L. (Myrtle) containing oral patches, we applied box-behnken design to evaluate the effect of polymers such as Polyvinyl pyrrolidone (PVP), Gelatin, Methylcellulose (MC) and Pectin.Methods: The patches properties such as tensile strength, folding endurance, swelling index, thickness, mucoadhesive strength and the pattern of myrtle release were evaluated as dependent variables. Then, the model was adjusted according to the best fitted equation with box behnken design.Results: The results indicated that preparation of myrtle patch with hydrophilic polymers showed the disintegration time up to 24h and more. Using of polyvinyl pyrrolidone as a water soluble polymer and a pore-former polymer led to faster release of soluble materials from the patch to 29 (min-1). Also it decreases swelling index by increasing the patch disintegration. Gelatin and Pectin, with rigid matrix and water interaction properties, decreased the swelling ratio. Pectin increased the tensile strength, but gelatin produced an opposite effect. Thinner Myrtle patch (about 28µm) was obtained by formulation of methyl cellulose with equal ratio with polyvinyl pyrrolidone or gelatin.Conclusion: Altogether, the analysis showed that the optimal formulation was achieved with of 35.04 mg of Gelatin, 7.22 mg of Pectin, 7.20 mg of polyvinyl pyrrolidone, 50.52 mg of methyl cellulose and 20 mg of Myrtle extract.

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A novel approach termed the "concentrated method" was developed for the instant fabrication of laccase@Co3(PO4)2•hybrid nanoflowers (HNFs). The constructed HNFs were obtained by optimizing the concentration of cobalt chloride and phosphate buffer to reach the highest activity recovery. The incorporation of 30 mM CoCl2 and 160 mM phosphate buffer (pH 7.4) resulted in a fast anisotropic growth of the nanomaterials. The purposed method did not involve harsh conditions and prolonged incubation of precursors, as the most reported approaches for the synthesis of HNFs. The catalytic efficiency of the immobilized and free laccase was 460 and 400 M−1S−1, respectively. Also, the enzymatic activity of the prepared biocatalyst was 113% of the free enzyme (0.5 U mL−1). The stability of the synthesized HNFs was enhanced by 400% at pH 6.5–9.5 and the elevated temperatures. The activity of laccase@Co3(PO4)2•HNFs declined to 50% of the initial value after 10 reusability cycles, indicating successful immobilization of the enzyme. Structural studies revealed a 32% increase in the α-helix content after hybridization with cobalt phosphate, which improved the activity and stability of the immobilized laccase. Furthermore, the fabricated HNFs exhibited a considerable ability to remove moxifloxacin as an emerging pollutant. The antibiotic (10 mg L−1) was removed by 24% and 75% after 24 h through adsorption and biodegradation, respectively. This study introduces a new method for synthesizing HNFs, which could be used for the fabrication of efficient biocatalysts, biosensors, and adsorbents for industrial, biomedical, and environmental applications.

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