The emergence of novel behavior is a multilayered phenomenon that comprehends distinct processes. One such process is known as insightful problem solving. "Insight" can be explained as the spontaneous interconnection of previously acquired behavioral repertoires. The objective of this study was to investigate: (1) whether capuchin monkeys (Sapajus spp.) do show the interconnection of repertoires, and (2) whether different performances of problem solving could be produced by different training histories. Two repertoires were independently trained: (a) joining two pieces of a tool to manufacture a new tool and (b) raking food with one tool. In the test situation, food was out of reach, and two joinable pieces of a tool, different from the ones used in training, were presented. To solve the problem, the monkeys had to join the two pieces and rake the food with the new manufactured tool. In Experiment 1, one monkey received symmetric training (equal number of sessions) of both repertoires and solved the task, but not in an insightful manner. In Experiment 2, six monkeys were divided into two groups: one group received symmetric training, and the second group had asymmetrical training of the repertoires (unequal number of sessions). Subjects from the symmetric group performed as the monkey in Experiment 1; subjects from the other group showed a sudden insightful solution of the problem. The different performances in the same problem situation can be explained in terms of the behavioral history provided to each group of subjects.
RESUMOInsight, na Psicologia Experimental, indica, tradicionalmente, a resolução súbita e espontânea de um determinado problema. O presente estudo verificou a ocorrência de resolução súbita em macacosprego (Sapajus spp.) a partir do treino de habilidades pré-requisitos de uma tarefa. Adicionalmente o estudo avaliou se a manipulação do local de treino altera a topografia de solução do problema. Dois sujeitos foram treinados a: a) encaixar objetos e b) pescar objetos fora do alcance utilizando uma ferramenta. O treino das duas habilidades se deu de forma independente e em diferentes contextos. A tarefa final consistiiu em pescar um alimento fora do alcance encaixando um par de ferramentas nunca antes manuseado. Os dois sujeitos resolveram a tarefa, entretanto, nenhum apresentou um desempenho tipicamente de insight, na medida em que as resoluções foram pouco fluidas, com pausas entre suas etapas, e aparentemente sem direcionamento. Discute-se o papel do treino das habilidades pré-requisitos em ambientes diferenciados como um fator que dificulta a resolução da tarefa.Palavras-chave: insight; resolução de problemas; macaco-prego; comportamento novo; criatividade; comportamento complexo.
ABSTRACT
Insight in Capuchin-Monkeys (Sapajus spp.) with Different Contexts of Training of Prerequisite AbilitiesInsight, in Experimental Psychology, traditionally refers a sudden and spontaneous solution of a specific problem. The present study aims to verify the occurrence of sudden problem resolution in capuchin monkeys (Sapajus spp.) based on explicit training of two pre-requisite repertoires. Additionally, we examined if the manipulation of the context of training alters the topography of the problem solution response. Two subjects were trained to: a) join objects, and b) to rake objects with a tool. The training of the two repertoires was independent and was carried out in different contexts. The final task consists in raking a piece of food with a joinable tool that was never seen before. The two subjects solved the task, but the topography of solution was not clearly compatible with insight interpretation. The solutions had pauses between steps, and the behavior was not goal directed. The negative effects of different contexts for the training of the pre-requisite repertoires are discussed.
Neves Filho, H. B. (2015). Effects of training and test variables upon the interconnection of repertoires in pigeons (Columba livia), rats (Rattus norvegicus) and new caledonian crows (Corvus moneduloides).
A recombinação de repertórios é um processo comportamental relacionado a resolução de problemas e origem de comportamentos novos. O presente estudo teve por objetivo testar o efeito de treinos concomitante e sucessivo sobre a recombinação de dois repertórios: (a) cavar, e; (b) escalar, em ratos (Rattus norvegicus). Seis ratos foram alocados dois a dois em três condições de treino. Em uma condição, os repertórios foram treinados em duas sessões diárias, uma de cada repertório (condição concomitante, n=2). Na segunda condição, foram realizadas uma sessão por dia, e primeiro foi treinado o repertório de cavar, e depois de encerrado o treino de cavar, foi treinado o repertório de escalar (condição sucessiva, n=2). Em uma terceira condição (n=2), foi feito o treino sucessivo idêntico a segunda condição, com a adição de sessões de retomada do primeiro repertório treinado, antes do teste. Para testar a recombinação, os animais foram expostos a uma situação problema cuja solução exigia que cavassem e encontrassem uma fresta que dava acesso a escadas que chegavam em uma plataforma com comida, uma sequência de respostas nunca diretamente treinada. Todos os sujeitos, das três condições, resolveram a tarefa final, porém com topografias de resolução do problema distintas. Os sujeitos da condição concomitante resolveram o problema em menor tempo, em comparação com os demais sujeitos. Com base nos dados, são avaliados os efeitos de variáveis de treino sobre a recombinação de repertórios e os critérios utilizados para avaliar diferentes topografias de solução de um mesmo problema.
Do capuchin monkeys respond to photos as icons? Do they discriminate photos of capuchin monkeys' faces? Looking for answers to these questions we trained three capuchin monkeys in simple and conditional discrimination tasks and tested the discriminations when comparison stimuli were partially covered. Three capuchin monkeys experienced in simultaneous simple discrimination and IDMTS were trained with repeated shifts of simple discriminations (RSSD), with four simultaneous choices, and IDMTS (1 s delay, 4 choices) with pictures of known capuchins monkeys' faces. All monkeys did discriminate the pictures in both procedures. Performances in probes with partial masks with one fourth of the stimulus hidden were consistent with baseline level. Errors occurred when a picture similar to the correct one was available among the comparison stimuli, when the covered part was the most distinct, or when pictures displayed the same monkey. Capuchin monkeys do match pictures of capuchin monkeys' faces to the sample. The monkeys treated different pictures of the same monkey as equivalent, suggesting that they respond to the pictures as icons, although this was not true to pictures of other monkeys. Subsequent studies may bring more evidence that capuchin monkeys treat pictures as depictions of real scenes.
A one-step, simple and straightforward synthesis of the title amides from the corresponding carboxylic acids, urea and imidazole under microwave irradiation is described.
scite is a Brooklyn-based organization that helps researchers better discover and understand research articles through Smart Citations –citations that display the context of the citation and describe whether the article provides supporting or contrasting evidence. scite is used by students and researchers from around the world and is funded in part by the National Science Foundation and the National Institute on Drug Abuse of the National Institutes of Health.