Bulk-tapped densitometer, desiccator, Differential Scanning Calorimetry Perkin Elmer, Flowmeter, Hot plate, filter paper, krusibel, oven, sieving, pH meter, Particle Size Analyzer, FT-IR spectrophotometer Hitachi 270-50, furnaces, analytical balance (Acculab), XRD D8 Advanc A25 Bruker, SeM JEOL JSM-6510 series ,waterbath, pipette volume and other glass tools commonly used in the Laboratory. ABSTRACTIntroduction: Microcrystalline cellulose (MCC) is an excipient used in food, cosmetics and pharmaceutical industries especially in the manufacture of tablet. Dendrocalamus asper (Betung Bamboo) contains high cellulose content at approximately 44.94% and it has potential as raw material of microcrystalline cellulose. Objective: The purpose of this study was to obtain microcrystalline cellulose powder from betung bamboo and it's physicochemical properties. Methods: The steps to produce microcrystalline cellulose were extraction with n-Hexane: Ethanol (2:1), isolation of alpha cellulose, and acid hydrolysis of alpha cellulose to MCC. The purity of microcrystalline cellulose obtained was identified by infrared spectrophotometry and melting point determination. Other characteristics such as x-ray diffraction, particle size distribution, pH, ash content, moisture content, loss on drying, flow rate, density, scanning electron microscope, and angle of repose were also determined and compared to Avicel PH 101. Results: The Infra-red spectrum obtained were similar to reference Avicel PH 101. The powder was moderately fine, odorless, tasteless and less white compared to reference, particle size distribution 1117.4 nm, pH 6.88, ash contents ± 0.0584%, moisture content 36%, loss on drying 4.59%. Density, flow rate and angle of repose fulfilled the requirements based on the literature. Conclusion: There is a similarity characteristic of MCC obtained and reference. So, there is a possibility for its use as excipient in the future by doing the application studies in food and pharmacy.

Introduction: Microcrystalline cellulose is one of the cellulose derivatives widely used in the pharmaceutical industry as an excipient in the manufacture of tablets. Unfortunately, most of these filler materials are still largely imported. On the other hand, Indonesia has huge potential to generate microcrystalline cellulose from agricultural waste or weeds such as oil palm empty fruit bunch and water hyacinth. The purpose of this study was to find a potential cellulolytic mold and raw material for preparation of microcrystalline cellulose by enzymatic hydrolysis. Method: The potential cellulolytic mold was obtained from rotted oil palm trunk, and alpha cellulose was prepared by digesting raw material powder by the alkaline condition. Cellulase enzymes are obtained through extraction from the cellulolytic mold and used to treat alpha cellulose at a concentration of 2, 6 and 10 % v/v, respectively. Then, the resulted microcrystalline cellulose was identified by SEM (Scanning Electron Microscope) and XRD (X-Ray Diffraction) and compared with reference Avicel pH 101. Results: The results showed that crude enzyme of isolated mold has better activity than

Lignocellulose is the most abundant biomass available on earth, including wood and agricultural wastes such as rice straw, corn cobs, and oil palm empty bunches. The biopolymer content in lignocellulose has a great potential as feedstock for producing industrial raw materials such as glucose, sorbitol, xylose, xylitol, and other pharmaceutical excipients. Currently, scientists and governments agree that the enzymatic delignification method is an environmentally friendly green method to be applied. This review attempts to explain the proper preparation of the enzymes laccase, lignin peroxidase, and manganese peroxidase, as well as the important factors influencing their activity. The recent applications of the enzymes for detoxification of hazardous substances, proper enzyme immobilization technique, and future prospect combination with DESs extraction of lignin are also discussed.

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Objective: This study was aimed to prepare microcrystalline cellulose (MCC) powder from α-cellulose of water hyacinth, find its characteristics and purity compared to Avicel PH 101 as reference and its tablets evaluation. Water hyacinth has great potential as raw materials of MCC fine due to its highest content of cellulose. Method: MCC was obtained by enzymatic hydrolysis with cellulase enzymes. The prepared MCC powder was identified by infrared spectroscopy and melting point, then was characterized over several parameters. Then, the MCC was applied to a tablet formulation and evaluated for its weight variation, thickness and diameter, hardness, friability and disintegration time. Results: The identity obtained from infrared spectrum was quite similar with reference and the melting point charred between 247-250°C. The powder was moderately fine, odorless, tasteless and yellowish compared to the reference. The characteristics were obtained, including particle size distribution for 741 nm, pH ± 7.49, ash contents ± 0.203%, moisture content ± 3.685%, loss on drying ± 3.8741% also the density, flow rate and angle of repose met the requirements. The results of Scanning Electron Microscope showed similar morphology of crystalline with reference and the diffractogram patterns showed crystalline form Type 2. Tablets were prepared by dry granulation method and the weight variation, thickness and diameters and disintegration time evaluations met the requirements. Conclusion: The MCC obtained has quite similar identities and characteristics with commercial available one (Avicel PH 101) and can be used as an excipient. This is an open access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-ShareAlike 4.0 License, which allows others to remix, tweak, and build upon the work non-commercially, as long as the author is credited and the new creations are licensed under the identical terms.

Objective: This study aimed to obtain the physicochemical properties of hydroxypropyl cellulose (HPC) powder from α-cellulose Betung bamboo and its characteristics in tablet formulation.Methods: HPC was prepared by hydroxypropylation of α-cellulose using 25% (w/v) sodium hydroxide and 10 ml propylene oxide (based on 1 g αcellulose) at 70 °C for 3 h. HPC of Betung bamboo (HPC BB) was characterized using fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectrometry, particle size analyzer (PSA), x-ray diffraction (XRD), scanning electron microscope (SEM) and compared to HPC grade SL (HPC SL) as the reference. Then, HPC BB was used as a binder in tablet formulation by direct compression method and the resulted tablets were evaluated. The tablets evaluation including weight and size uniformity, hardness, friability and disintegration time. Results:The results showed HPC BB powder was yellowish white, odorless and tasteless, pH 7.49, residue on ignition 0.68%, hydroxypropoxy groups content 54.75%, average particle size 37.39 μm, loss on drying 1.09%, and moisture content 3.34%. Flow properties of powder fulfilled the requirements based on literature. Infrared spectrum and diffraction pattern of HPC BB were relatively similar to HPC SL. The tablets have average weight 403.495 mg, diameter 12.16 mm, thickness 3.11 mm, hardness 4.11 KPa, friability 2.04% and disintegration time 24.88 s. Conclusion:Based on the comparison of powder characteristics and tablets evaluation, HPC BB has a great potential in tablet formulation which showed similar characteristics to reference. I In nt te er rn na at ti io on na al l J Jo ou ur rn na al l o of f A Ap pp pl li ie ed d P Ph ha ar rm ma ac ce eu ut ti ic cs s

Objective: This study aimed to increase the yield of microcrystalline cellulose (MCC) made from water hyacinth ɑ-cellulose by enzymatic hydrolysis by using purified enzyme and to find it’s characteristics compared to the reference. Methods: In this research, MCC was prepared from water hyacinth powder through the chemical isolation process of ɑ-cellulose, followed by enzymatic hydrolysis with purified cellulase from Chaetomium globosum. The yield of MCC was improved by using purified enzyme and optimization of temperature, pH, and hydrolysis time. Identification was carried out by using ZnCl and infrared spectrophotometry, followed by characterization of MCC include particle size analysis (PSA) and diffracto­gram pattern (X-Ray Diffraction) compared to reference Avicel PH 101. Results: Purified enzyme from Chaetomium globosum has high activity with a clear zone area of 45 mm with cellulolytic index 6.5 that almost same as Trichoderma reesei (50 mm), with the cellulase enzyme activity of 6.691 U/ml. The optimum condition was at a temperature of 50⁰C and pH 6.0 with the hydrolysis time of 2 h, which produced 95% yield of MCC. Identification with ZnCl and FTIR spectrum showed positive results, similar to the reference. The results of organoleptic test, particle size analysis, and diffracto­gram pattern (X-Ray Diffraction) showed crystalline characteristic similar to reference (Avicel PH 101). Conclusion: Enzyme from Chaetomium globosum has a higher activity of cellulase than Trichoderma reesei with MCC obtained was 95%. Based on the comparison of the organoleptic test, particle size analysis, and diffracto­gram pattern, MCC from water hyacinth has a great potential which showed similar characteristic to reference (Avicel pH 101).