Bulk-tapped densitometer, desiccator, Differential Scanning Calorimetry Perkin Elmer, Flowmeter, Hot plate, filter paper, krusibel, oven, sieving, pH meter, Particle Size Analyzer, FT-IR spectrophotometer Hitachi 270-50, furnaces, analytical balance (Acculab), XRD D8 Advanc A25 Bruker, SeM JEOL JSM-6510 series ,waterbath, pipette volume and other glass tools commonly used in the Laboratory. ABSTRACTIntroduction: Microcrystalline cellulose (MCC) is an excipient used in food, cosmetics and pharmaceutical industries especially in the manufacture of tablet. Dendrocalamus asper (Betung Bamboo) contains high cellulose content at approximately 44.94% and it has potential as raw material of microcrystalline cellulose. Objective: The purpose of this study was to obtain microcrystalline cellulose powder from betung bamboo and it's physicochemical properties. Methods: The steps to produce microcrystalline cellulose were extraction with n-Hexane: Ethanol (2:1), isolation of alpha cellulose, and acid hydrolysis of alpha cellulose to MCC. The purity of microcrystalline cellulose obtained was identified by infrared spectrophotometry and melting point determination. Other characteristics such as x-ray diffraction, particle size distribution, pH, ash content, moisture content, loss on drying, flow rate, density, scanning electron microscope, and angle of repose were also determined and compared to Avicel PH 101. Results: The Infra-red spectrum obtained were similar to reference Avicel PH 101. The powder was moderately fine, odorless, tasteless and less white compared to reference, particle size distribution 1117.4 nm, pH 6.88, ash contents ± 0.0584%, moisture content 36%, loss on drying 4.59%. Density, flow rate and angle of repose fulfilled the requirements based on the literature. Conclusion: There is a similarity characteristic of MCC obtained and reference. So, there is a possibility for its use as excipient in the future by doing the application studies in food and pharmacy.

Introduction: Microcrystalline cellulose is one of the cellulose derivatives widely used in the pharmaceutical industry as an excipient in the manufacture of tablets. Unfortunately, most of these filler materials are still largely imported. On the other hand, Indonesia has huge potential to generate microcrystalline cellulose from agricultural waste or weeds such as oil palm empty fruit bunch and water hyacinth. The purpose of this study was to find a potential cellulolytic mold and raw material for preparation of microcrystalline cellulose by enzymatic hydrolysis. Method: The potential cellulolytic mold was obtained from rotted oil palm trunk, and alpha cellulose was prepared by digesting raw material powder by the alkaline condition. Cellulase enzymes are obtained through extraction from the cellulolytic mold and used to treat alpha cellulose at a concentration of 2, 6 and 10 % v/v, respectively. Then, the resulted microcrystalline cellulose was identified by SEM (Scanning Electron Microscope) and XRD (X-Ray Diffraction) and compared with reference Avicel pH 101. Results: The results showed that crude enzyme of isolated mold has better activity than

Introduction: Gnetum gnemon L. (Melinjo) is popular in Indonesia as a source of nutrition. Its seeds contain trans-resveratrol, which has been shown to have multiple pharmacological activities. The application of ionic liquid [Bmim]Br as a selected solvent in the microwave assisted extraction (MAE) method was developed for extraction of trans-resveratrol from Melinjo seeds. MAE method with ionic liquid has also been applied to extract trans-resveratrol from the different plant with a high extraction yield value. Methods: The Box-Behnken design on four factors with response surface methodology were used to optimize extraction conditions for transresveratrol content from Melinjo seeds. For further, the various salt was applied to separate of the trans-resveratrol form ionic liquid and facilitate for extraction back using an organic solvent. Results: The optimum process for the ionic liquid-based microwave assisted extraction was below: [Bmim]Br concentration 2.5 mol/L; liquid-melinjo seeds powder ratio 15 mL/g; microwave power 10%; and extraction time 10 min. Under optimized conditions, the trans-resveratrol value was 1.34 mg/g. Moreover, the salt Na 2 CO 3 0. This is an open access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-ShareAlike 4.0 License, which allows others to remix, tweak, and build upon the work non-commercially, as long as the author is credited and the new creations are licensed under the identical terms.

Objective: This study was aimed to prepare microcrystalline cellulose (MCC) powder from α-cellulose of water hyacinth, find its characteristics and purity compared to Avicel PH 101 as reference and its tablets evaluation. Water hyacinth has great potential as raw materials of MCC fine due to its highest content of cellulose. Method: MCC was obtained by enzymatic hydrolysis with cellulase enzymes. The prepared MCC powder was identified by infrared spectroscopy and melting point, then was characterized over several parameters. Then, the MCC was applied to a tablet formulation and evaluated for its weight variation, thickness and diameter, hardness, friability and disintegration time. Results: The identity obtained from infrared spectrum was quite similar with reference and the melting point charred between 247-250°C. The powder was moderately fine, odorless, tasteless and yellowish compared to the reference. The characteristics were obtained, including particle size distribution for 741 nm, pH ± 7.49, ash contents ± 0.203%, moisture content ± 3.685%, loss on drying ± 3.8741% also the density, flow rate and angle of repose met the requirements. The results of Scanning Electron Microscope showed similar morphology of crystalline with reference and the diffractogram patterns showed crystalline form Type 2. Tablets were prepared by dry granulation method and the weight variation, thickness and diameters and disintegration time evaluations met the requirements. Conclusion: The MCC obtained has quite similar identities and characteristics with commercial available one (Avicel PH 101) and can be used as an excipient. This is an open access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-ShareAlike 4.0 License, which allows others to remix, tweak, and build upon the work non-commercially, as long as the author is credited and the new creations are licensed under the identical terms.

Objective: Rice bran oil has many helath benefit. The biologically active compounds of rice bran oil are fatty acids, squalene, tocopherols, phytosterols, tocotrienols, oryzanol, and polyphenols. Gamma oryzanol is a combination of at least 10 components of ferulic acid esters and alcohols triterpene. Gamma oryzanol has pharmacological activity includes cardiovascular disease, antioxidant, anticancer, antidiabetic, antiulcerogenic, neuroprotective and action immunomodulator. Ionic liquids are an environmentally friendly solvent used in the extraction and separation of bioactive compounds from plants. This study was conducted to evaluate the effect of inorganic salts addition on ionic liquid [Bmim]PF 6 in increasing levels of gamma oryzanol from rice bran. Method: In the experiments, IL [Bmim]PF 6 -MAE method was used to separated gamma oryzanol compound, and then was partitioned with hexane after the addition of inorganic salts: KH 2 PO 4, NaCl, NaNO 3 and Na 2 CO 3 , respectively. Gamma oryzanol content was determined by HPLC analysis. A mixture of mobile phase (methanol:acetonitrile:isopropan ol (5:4:1) and isocratic conditions at a wavelength of 327 nm. The flow rate is set at 1 ml / min..Results: The highest levels of γ-oryzanol was produced from the addition in KH 2 PO 4 + : This is an open access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-ShareAlike 4.0 License, which allows others to remix, tweak, and build upon the work non-commercially, as long as the author is credited and the new creations are licensed under the identical terms.

Introduction: The leaves of Polyscias guilfoylei L. (Araliaceae) were reported to have medicinal value. Therefore, authentication of the leaves of Polyscias guilfoylei L. is important to ensure the reproducible quality of herbal raw materials. Objective: This study aims to evaluate macroscopic and microscopic parameters of the leaves of Polyscias guilfoylei L. Methods: Organoleptic, macroscopy, and microscopy of fresh leaves and microscopy parameters of leaves powder were observed. Results: Organoleptic and macroscopic studies found that the leaves had a smooth surface with green color, pinnate venation, elonged to lanceolate shape, cuspidate apex, serrated margin, broad base steam, a bit of distinctive smell, and characteristic taste. The leaves microscopy indicated the presence of anisocytic and paracytic stomata, druses type of calcium oxalate crystals, spiral type xylem, and essential oil were found. Conclusion: The results obtained can be used as quality control parameters, especially diagnostic features for the herbal raw material of Polyscias guilfoylei L.

Summary: Gold nanoparticles have great potential in biomedical applications as both a therapeutic and diagnostic agents. Pamam dendrimers are spherical, highly branched macromolecules with a narrow polydispersity to encapsulate and stabilize metal nanoparticles. In the preparation of metal nanoparticles, stabilizers play an important role in controlling particle size. The objectives of this study were to synthesize and characterize of gold nanoparticles. The gold nanoparticles were prepared by reduction of tetrachloroauric acid using sodium borohydride with and without addition of pamam generation 4 dendrimer as stabilizing agent. Gold nanoparticles stabilized pamam generation 4 dendrimer were characterized by Uv-Vis spectrometry, transmission electron microscopy (TEM), dynamic light scattering (DLS) and zetasizer. The result showed that UV-vis absorption spectra of gold nanoparticles without pamam G4 dendrimer at 530 nm while absorption spectra of gold-pamam G4 dendrimer at 280 nm. The absorbance peak at 280 nm related to individual of gold nanoparticle encapsulated pamam dendrimer. TEM analysis exhibits the occurrence aggregation of gold nanoparticles without pamam G4 dendrimer. DLS analysis exhibit gold nanoparticles has a particles size 88-252 nm while gold-pamam G4 dendrimer nanoparticles 2-15 nm. The addition of pamam generation 4 dendrimer on preparation of gold nanoparticles could prevent aggregation of nanoparticles through entrapment in cavity or core molecules. Au-PAMAM G4 nanoparticles 0.1 mg/ml has a greater Hounsfield unit (HU) value than iodine at the same concentration, so it has better contrast properties.

Betung bamboo powder that is used in this study was obtained from Balai Penelitian Tanaman Rempah dan Obat (Balitro), Bogor. Tools and instruments The tools and instruments used in this study were infrared spectrophotometry (FTIR-8400S Shimadzu, Japan), Differential Scanning Calorimetry ABSTRACT Objective: Sodium carboxymethylcellulose (Na-CMC) is one of pharmaceutical excipients that can be used to increase viscosity in topical, oral and parenteral pharmaceutical formulation, beside that it can also be used as binder and disintegrant in tablet formulation. Betung bamboo is one of natural material that contains high concentration of holocellulose for about 83.80%. The purpose of this study was to characterize Na-CMC obtained through alkalization and carboxymethylation reaction. Methods: Alkalization was carried out using 25% sodium hydroxide and 1.7% sodium tetraborate. Carboxymethylation was done with sodium monochloroacetate to alpha cellulose ratio 1.3 : 1. Product was identified by FTIR and further characterized by XRD, SEM, DS value and pH. Result: The product was white colour powder which has similarities of its infrared spectrum to reference. Other characteristics that showed similarities to reference was degree of substitution 0.7073, pH 7.61, average of particle size distribution 71.54 μm, moisture content 5.88%, sulfated ash content 32.64% and loss on drying 9.85%. Conclusion: Based on the comparison of X-ray diffraction, there is similarity between reference and product (Na-CMC) from betung bamboo. However, there were differences in melting temperature, viscosity and morphological analysis with SEM to reference.