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For tissue engineering (TE), decellularized matrices gained huge potential as they consist of natural biomolecules which help in cell attachment and proliferation. Among various animal tissues, goat tissue has gained least attention in spite of the fact that goat tissue is less susceptible to disease transmission as compared to cadaveric porcine and bovine tissue. In this study, goat small intestine submucosa (G-SIS) was isolated from goat small intestine (G-SI), a waste from goat-slaughterhouse, and decellularized to obtain decellularized G-SIS (DG-SIS) biomatrix in the form of powder, gel and sponge form, so that it can be used for healing various types of wounds. Further, nanoceria (NC), owing to its free radical scavenging, anti-inflammatory, antibacterial and angiogenic properties, was incorporated in the DG-SIS in to fabricate DG-SIS/NC nanobiocomposite scaffold, which may exhibit synergistic effects to accelerate tissue regeneration. The scaffolds were found to be hydrophilic, biodegradable, haemocompatible, biocompatible, antibacterial and showed free radical scavenging capability. The scaffold containing NC concentration (500 µg ml−1) depicted highest cell (fibroblast cells) adhesion, MTT activity and free radical scavenging as compared to the DG-SIS and other nanobiocomposite scaffolds. Thus, DG-SIS/NC3 (NC with concentration 500 µg ml−1) scaffold could be a potential scaffold biomaterial for skin TE application.

Chitosan is a biodegradable and biocompatible natural polymer that has been extensively explored in recent decades. The Food and Drug Administration has approved chitosan for wound treatment and nutritional use. Furthermore, chitosan has paved the way for advancements in different biomedical applications including as a nanocarrier and tissue-engineering scaffold. Its antibacterial, antioxidant, and haemostatic properties make it an excellent option for wound dressings. Because of its hydrophilic nature, chitosan is an ideal starting material for biocompatible and biodegradable hydrogels. To suit specific application demands, chitosan can be combined with fillers, such as hydroxyapatite, to modify the mechanical characteristics of pH-sensitive hydrogels. Furthermore, the cationic characteristics of chitosan have made it a popular choice for gene delivery and cancer therapy. Thus, the use of chitosan nanoparticles in developing novel drug delivery systems has received special attention. This review aims to provide an overview of chitosan-based nanoparticles, focusing on their versatile properties and different applications in biomedical sciences and engineering.

Graphene oxide (GO) and nanohydroxyapatite (nHAp) proved to be a potential material for bone tissue-regeneration applications. Therefore, GO and nHAp reinforced porous polymeric nanocomposite scaffolds have been gaining significant research thrust. In this study, GO and nHAp based nanocomposite was synthesized and used as a reinforcing agent to develop gelatin-alginate (GA)-based three-dimensional porous polymeric nanocomposite scaffold. The polymeric nanocomposite scaffold (nHAp-GO/GA) was fabricated by using freeze-drying process, which may show a synergistic effect of each of the components for tissue regeneration. The scaffold demonstrates good physico-chemical properties. The porous microstructure of the scaffold is evidenced by Field emission scanning electron microscopy (FESEM). High swelling of the scaffold in presence water, indicates that the scaffold is highly hydrophilic, which implies the suitability of the scaffold for tissue regeneration. Further, the incorporation of nHAp-GO enhances the compressive strength of the scaffold while reduces the rate of biodegradation, which is good for bone tissue engineering. The scaffold is biocompatible. In vitro cell study with MG-63 bone cells demonstrates the synergistic effect of each of the components of the scaffold, on mineral deposition. Therefore, it can be concluded that nHAp-GO/GA polymeric nanocomposite scaffold can be a potential candidate for bone tissue regeneration.

Biomaterials derived from extracellular matrices (ECMs) were extensively used for skin tissue engineering and wound healing. ECM is a complex network of biomolecules (e.g., proteins), which provide organizational support to cells for growth. Thus, ECM could be an ideal biomaterial for fabricating the scaffold. However, oxidative stress and biofilm formation at the wound site remains a major challenge that could be neutralized using herbal ingredients (e.g., curcumin). In this study, ECM was extracted from the biowaste of the goat abattoir by using decellularization. The goat small intestine submucosa (G‐SIS) is decellularized to obtain the decellularized G‐SIS (DG‐SIS) and curcumin (in different concentrations) was incorporated in the DG‐SIS to fabricate curcumin‐embedded DG‐SIS scaffolds. Changes brought by increasing the concentrations of the curcumin in DG‐SIS were observed in various properties, including free radical scavenging and antibacterial properties. Results depicted that the scaffolds are porous, biodegradable, biocompatible, antibacterial, and hydrophilic and showed sustained release of curcumin. Besides, it showed free radicals scavenging property. The porosity and hydrophilicity of the scaffolds were decreased with an increase in the curcumin content. However, biodegradability, free radical scavenging, biocompatibility, and antibacterial properties of the scaffolds increased with an increase in the curcumin content. The DG‐SIS scaffold containing 1 wt % of curcumin may be a potential biomaterial for wound‐healing and skin tissue engineering.

Vitreous or vitreous humor is a complex transparent gel that fills the space between the lens and retina of an eye and acts as a transparent medium that allows light to pass through it to reach the photoreceptor layer (retina) of the eye. The vitreous humor is removed in ocular surgery (vitrectomy) for pathologies like retinal detachment, macular hole, diabetes-related vitreous hemorrhage detachment, and ocular trauma. Since the vitreous is not actively regenerated or replenished, there is a needfor a vitreous substitute to fill the vitreous cavity to provide a temporary or permanent tamponade to the retina following some vitreoretinal surgeries. An ideal vitreous substitute could probably be left inside the eye forever. The vitreous humor is transparent, biocompatible, viscoelastic and highly hydrophilic; polymeric hydrogels with these properties can be a potential candidate to be used as vitreous substitutes.To meet the tremendous demand for the vitreous substitute, many scientists all over the world have developed various kinds of vitreous substitutes or tamponade agent.Vitreous substitutes, whatsoever developed till date, are associated with several advantages and disadvantages, and there is no ideal vitreous substitute available till date. This review highlights the polymer-based vitreous substitutes developed so far, along with their advantages and limitations. The gas-based and oil-based substitutes have also been discussed but very briefly.