A Study of The Effect of Mass Treatment of Repellent on Aedes aegypti (L.) (Diptera: Culicidae). Larval populations was carried out during 14-week period at Laladon village Bogor. A total of 3684 respondents were treated and 202 houses were surveyed for house index (HI), container index (CI), and breteau index (BI). The results showed that long-term mass treatments were effective to decrease 64.85% of the HI, 27.15% CI and 13.57% of BI, up to three weeks after the last application of the repellent. Final checks which were done four weeks later resulted HI as low as 13.86%, CI 7.68%, and BI 3.84%, compared to those at the beginning of the survey which were 73.27%, 31.87% and 15.93%, respectively. KEY WORDS: Aedes aegypti, repellent, breteau index, container index, house index PENDAHULUAN Nyamuk Aedes aegypti (L.) Diptera : Culicidae), yang merupakan serangga vektor penyakit demam berdarah dengue (DBD) berkembangbiak pada permukiman manusia. Penyakit DBD sejauh ini menjadi masalah kesehatan masyarakat di kota-kota besar. Penanggulangan dan pencegahannya lebih banyak mengandalkan pada pemutusan rantai penularan melalui pengendalian A. aegypti dan A. albopictus yang keduanya berperan sebagai vektor penular DBD (WHO 2000). Upaya pengendalian nyamuk A. aegypti saat ini yang terpopuler adalah pengasapan dengan menggunakan insektisida dan gerakan 3 M yaitu menutup, menguras dan menimbun lokasi yang dapat menjadi tempat perkembangbiakan larva nyamuk. Bahkan sekarang, upaya tersebut telah berkembang menjadi 3M plus yaitu disertai dengan cara perlindungan diri lainnya yang dapat dilakukan oleh masyarakat seperti penggunaan anti nyamuk bakar, aerosol, repelen dan lainnya. Umumnya repelen adalah insektisida yang dapat mencegah gigitan nyamuk. Berbagai ragam formulasi produk repelen yang ada di
Dengue fever (DF) is a health problem in Indonesia. The spread of DF occurs through mosquito vectors. Vector control is one of important methods in dengue prevention. However, the occurence of insecticide resistance leads the need of new inovation of botanical insecticide, such tobacco (Nicotiana tabacum L). The research aimed to know larvicidal effectivity of tobacco extracts against Aedes aegypti larvae, and also analyzed nicotine content of tobacco leaves which collected from three sites: Semarang, Temanggung, and Kendal; used experimental design and carried out on March-December 2013. Tobacco leaves was extracted with etanol then tested to Aedes aegypti 3rd instar larvae. The results showed that tobacco leaves from Temanggung was the most active as larvicides, then were followed from Semarang and Kendal. The analysis result showed that to reach 90% death from total number of larvae samples (LD90), required tobacco extract of Kendal at concentration 447ppm, Semarang 241 ppm, and Temanggung 212 ppm. Larvicidal effects of tobacco leaves extract was unproportional to the content of nicotine, such as Semarang (4,69%), Temanggung (3,61%), and Kendal (1,85%).
Abstract Vector control that used insecticides need to be substituted, because it has a negative impact for the environment and have been resistance for some areas, so it was necessary to find alternative insecticides. One of the natural insecticides was tobacco (Nicotiana tabacum). The chemical content of tobacco leaves included alkaloids, saponins, and flavonoids. Nicotine was an alkaloid group compound in tobacco, thatwas a nerve poison that reacts quickly and can act as a contact poison in insects, to add the effectiveness it’s necessary change to nano particle with silver. Besides, this test used two solvents with different contains of mineral to compare the effectiveness. This study aimed to test effication of nanoinsecticide from formulation tobacco (Nicotiana tabacum) and silver particle for vector control of larvae Ae.aegypti. It was held at the Center for Research and Development of Disease Vector and Reservoir (B2P2VRP) with an experimental method. The results of the study showed 1,153 ppm LC50, 1,719 ppm LC90 and 1,925 ppm LC90 on solvent distilled water. LC50 of 1,641 ppm, LC90 of 10,741 ppm and LC90 of 18,295 ppm in solvent aquademineralization. Measurements of tobacco nanoinsecticides are known to be 89,2 – 112,0 run in aquadest and 89,2 -112,0 μm in aquademineralization solvents 79,0 – 143,7μm. Abstrak Pengendalian vektor menggunakan insektisida kimiawi perlu disubstisusi karena berdampak buruk pada lingkungan dan menyebabkan resistensi di beberapa daerah, sehingga perlu untuk mendapatkan insektisida alternatif yang ramah lingkungan. Salah satu tanaman insektisida alam, adalah tembakau (Nicotiana tabacum). Kandungan kimia tembakau meliputi alkaloid, saponin, dan flavanoid. Nikotin termasuk senyawa alkaloid dalam tembakau merupakan racun syaraf dengan reaksi cepat serta dapat berfungsi sebagai racun kontak serangga. Namun, untuk menambah daya bunuhnya sebagai larvasida maka ukuran partikel alkaloid perlu dipecah contohnya dengan penambahan perak. Pemilihan perak sebagai pembentuk molekul nano, sedangkan pelarut yang digunakan yaitu akuades dan akuademineralisasi. Kedua pelarut yang digunakan merupakan pelarut standar yang mempunyai daya kelarutan tinggi dengan perbedaan kandungan mineral. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk uji efikasi nanoinsektisida tembakau (Nicotiana tabacum) yang diformulasikan dengan perak sebagai sarana pengendalian Aedes aegypti stadium pradewasa. Penelitian dilaksanakan di Balai Besar Penelitian dan Pengembangan Vektor dan Reservoir Penyakit (B2P2VRP) dengan metode eksperimental murni. Hasil penelitian didapatkan LC50 1,153 ppm, LC90 1,719 ppm pada pelarut akuademineraliasi dan LC90 1,925 ppm pada pelarut akuades. LC50 1,641 ppm, LC90 10,741 ppm dan LC90 18,295 ppm pada pelarut akuademineralisasi. Pengukuran partikel nanoinsektisida daun tembakau diketahui berukuran 89,2 - 112,0 nm pada pelarut akuades dan 89,2 -112,0 nm pada pelarut akuademineralisasi 79,0 - 143,7nm.
Malaria, one of vector borne disease has been still a major Public Health problem in Indonesia. The disease is spread by Anopheles biting, for example Anopheles aconitus. So far, efforts which have been conducted by the government to control the disease is house spraying program with thermal fogging and also Ultra Low Volume (ULV) with Malathione 96 EC. A commercially available insecticide Fendona 30 EC is commonly used equal to Malathione 96 EC in its application. The application of insecticides through “Templek lamp” would be predicted more applicable due to its simple use by the community. The purpose of this study was to learn the efficacy of trial using “Templek lamp” of Malathione 96 EC and Fendona 30 EC to find the Lethal Concentration 90% (LC90), Lethal Time 50% (LT50) and 90% (LT90) of insecticides to Anopheles aconitus mortality. An experimental research with posttest only control group design was used in this study. Female An. aconitus, age 2-5 days were purposely selected. They were fed with 10% sugar and tested by Glass chamber method with double control groups. Groups of 20 An. aconitus each were tested with various concentrations of the insecticides, i.e. 0.1%, 0.5%, 1.0%, 2.5% and 5.0% in triplicate. The result showed that based on probit analysis, Fendona 30 EC LT50s at the aforementioned concentrations were 7.25, 5.81, 3.48, 1.16 and 0.54 hours respectively. On the other hand Malathione 96 EC LT50s at the same concentrations were 8.13, 5.48, 3.96, 2.69 and 0.57 hours. At the same concentrations, Fendona 30 EC LT90s were 61.76, 54.96, 20.56, 5.95 and 1.44 hours respectively, while Malathione 96 EC LT90s were 86.37, 43.62, 26.60, 18.86 and 1.48 hours respectively. It was also observed that LC90 for Fendona 30 EC and Malathione 96 EC was 0.688% and 1.048% respectively. Analysis of variance showed significant difference (p<0.05) between concentrations of each insecticides. Further studies are still required to confirm this observation.
Although being of less importance to the incidence of the vector-borne disease than mosquitoes, houseflies (Musca domestica) are mechanical transmitters of the disease. The chemical control carried out until now has brought about the emergence of resistance of houseflies against DDT and many other insecticides including organophosphates and carbamates. In order to look for an alternative insecticide which can control houseflies, a study was performed on the efficacy of insecticide belonging to the synthetic pyrethroid group containing 30 g/l of the active substance such as alphacypermethrin. Four dosages of insecticide with active ingredient of 30 g/l alphacypermethrin at dosages of 17.5 ml/ha, 35 ml/ha, 50 ml/ha and 70 ml/ha respectively wereused by fogging against houseflies kept in cages. The result showed that dosages of 35 ml/ha, 50 ml/ha and 70 ml/ha were all effective to kill M. domestica.
Perilaku Masyrakat daerah endemis merupakan penentu akan adanya kasus malaria, meskipun lingkungan mendukungnya. Jika masyarakat mau merobah lingkungan yang tidak baik menjadi lingkungan yang bersih penyakit akan sulit menjadi endemik. Telah dilakukan penelitian mengenai perilaku masyarakat di pulau sebatik terhadap penularan malaria dengan hasil sebagai berikut: Perilaku penduduk berisiko tertular malaria adalah kegiatan keluar rumah pada malam hari dan tidak menggunakan pelindung diri dari gigitan nyamuk. Pengetahuan masyarakat masih rendah terhadap penularan malaria serta ditemukan keterlambatan serta pengobatan tidak tuntas. Meningkatkan penyuluhan kepada masyarakat tentang cara perlindungan diri/keluarga supaya tidak tertular malaria. Usaha pencegahan terjadinya penularan malaria: Meningkatkan surveilan kasus terhadap pendatang dan pengobatan kepada penderita. Dilakukan pelatihan penyegaran kepada mikroskopis di Puskesmas untuk mengurangi kesalahan pemeriksaan slide darah (penentuan spesies parasit). Perlu dilakukan pelatihan entomologi bagi staf Puskesmas, untuk pemantauan nyamuk vektor, sebagai usaha pencegahan dini penularan malaria.
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