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The present study aimed to evaluate the efficacy of cellulose acetate/gelatin/nanohydroxyapatite (CA/Gel/nHA) nanocomposite mats as the wound dressing. The dressings were prepared with electrospinning of CA/Gel solutions containing 12.5, 25 and 50 mg nHA. The dressings were evaluated regarding their water uptake capacity, morphology, tensile strength, water vapour transmission rate, wettability and cellular response with L929 cell line. The results showed that the concentration of nHA had a direct correlation with porosity, water contact angle, water uptake, water vapor transmission rate and proliferation. In vivo studies showed that all dressings had higher wound closure percent than the sterile gauze, as the control. The highest wound closure value was achieved in the CA/Gel +25 mg nHA group, which showed 93.5 ± 1.6%. The histological and the histomorphometric examinations of the wounds revealed that the CA/Gel +25 mg nHA dressing had the greatest collagen synthesis, re-epithelialization, neovascularization and also the best cosmetic appearance. Based on our finding, it could be concluded the applicability of electrospun nanofibrous CA/Gel/nHA dressings for successful wound treatment.

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In the present study, we fabricated vitamin D 3 -loaded alginate hydrogel and assessed its wound healing capability in the animal model. The various concentrations of vitamin D3 were added to the pre-dissolved sodium alginate in deionized water and cross-linked by calcium carbonate in combination with d-glucono-δ-lactone. The microstructure, swelling behavior, weight loss, hemo-and cytocompatibility of the fabricated hydrogels were evaluated. In the last stage, the therapeutic efficacy of the prepared hydrogels was evaluated in the full-thickness dermal wound model. The scanning electron microscopy images showed that the prepared hydrogel was highly porous with the porosity of 89.2 ± 12.5% and contained the interconnected pores. Weight loss assessment showed that the prepared hydrogel is biodegradable with the weight loss percentage of about 89% in 14 days. The results showed that the prepared hydrogels were hemo-and cytocompatible. The animal study results implied that alginate hydrogel/3000 IU vitamin D 3 group exhibited the highest wound closure present which was statistically significant than the control group (p < 0.05). Moreover, the histological examinations revealed that hydrogel containing 3000 IU vitamin D3 had the best performance and induced the highest re-epithelialization and granular tissue formation. All in all, this study suggests that alginate hydrogels with 3000 IU vitamin D 3 can be exploited as a potential wound dressing in skin tissue engineering.

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Acute renal failure (ARF) is a clinical challenge that is highly resistant to treatment, and its high rate of mortality is alarming. Ischemia–reperfusion injury (IRI) is the most common cause of ARF. Especially IRI is implicated in kidney transplantation and can determine graft survival. Although the exact pathophysiology of renal IRI is unknown, the role of inflammatory responses has been elucidated. Because mesenchymal stromal cells (MSCs) have strong immunomodulatory properties, they are under extensive investigation as a therapeutic modality for renal IRI. Extracellular vesicles (EVs) play an integral role in cell‐to‐cell communication. Because the regenerative potential of the MSCs can be recapitulated by their EVs, the therapeutic appeal of MSC‐derived EVs has dramatically increased in the past decade. Higher safety profile and ease of preservation without losing function are other advantages of EVs compared with their producing cells. In the current review, the preliminary results and potential of MSC‐derived EVs to alleviate kidney IRI are summarized. We might be heading toward a cell‐free approach to treat renal IRI.