The city of Lviv faces a scarcity of parking lots, especially in its central zone. A comparison of the results of the in situ studies carried out in 2016 and 2021 in the city center showed the efficiency of the planning activities, due to which the number of on-street parking spaces increased by 72%, whereas the amount of on-street parking spaces in prohibited areas decreased by 32%. The extremely high demand shows that parking spaces in the city center should always be charged. It is reasonable to develop and implement a smart parking system compatible with the concept of the internet of things. In this case, drivers can get a real-time map of available parking spaces. The implementation of such a system should be preceded by a reasonable organization of the on-street parking zones. The high population density of Lviv and the development of urban subcenters require the expansion of the existing parking zones not only in the historic center but also in the remote areas of the city to balance the high demand for parking spaces and to ensure the sustainable development of the whole transport system.
Współczesne Niemcy dziś przodują w Europie w zakresie rewitalizacji struktur urbanistycznych. W tym zakresie tereny nadwodne jako środowisko potencjalnie przyjazne dla człowieka są objęte szczególną troską. Odbywa się reorientacja centrów miejskich ku wodzie, odkrywana jest tożsamość miast jako tworów nadwodnych. Tendencje rozwiązań koncepcyjnych w miastach niemieckich mogą stać się inspiracjami projektowymi dla miast polskich o podobnych wątkach rozwojowych.
Industrial objects constructed between the XIX century and the first half of the XX century were scattered outside the historical city center. However, they are currently located within the boundaries of the historical area of a big city. Postindustrial objects that have lost their initial function create opportunities for city development. An urgent problem of urban planning in Lviv is to determine the prospects for the development and reconstruction of industrial areas, complexes, and buildings. The purpose of the work is to identify the modern urban trends in the development process of postindustrial areas located in the historic area of Lviv, as well as its compliance with the city development strategy. The article investigates the connection of new objects with the main functions of the district, provides a historical excursion of their development, on-site studies, and a comparative analysis of objects with the goals of the master plan of Lviv and of the integrated concept of development of the central part of the city. The studied objects of the urban revitalization of postindustrial buildings and areas are grouped according to new dominant function: 1—Development of the creative industry; 2—Revalued multifunctional areas; 3—Implementation of the concept of city center expansion; 4—Reconstruction of historical localities, and 5—Creation of new residential complexes. The authors consider the process of re-urbanization in some particular postindustrial areas and objects as a search for ideas to generalize their use for the whole city. The intensive industrial development of the city during the Soviet period led to strict regulation of other areas. After obtaining independence, there is an opportunity to fix the imbalance. This process occurs in different ways. In particular, the “in situ” review provides an opportunity to understand the development of the territory—whether it follows the master plan (or contradicts it), whether it meets the new development strategy of the city, whether it meets the needs of the local community, or meets the interests of developers only.
The sphere of life of a large city includes forests as a natural resource and areas of its expansion and now they serve to implement modern eco-trends. In the evolution of Lviv we can distinguish several stages of relation to forested areas: 1 - exemption from forests of areas suitable for farming, horticulture and construction; 2 – the early 19th century. - planting of new forests for economic and rehabilitation purposes; 3 - the turn of the 19th and 20th centuries - the development of the recreational function of forests under the influence of hygienists, especially at water sources; 4 - the end of the 19th century and before 1939 - the development of the city of Lviv with new streets and compact plots according to the urban concepts of "villa in the park" and "garden city", which are wedged into the forest park areas; 5 - the second half of the 20th century. The rapid territorial development of industrial Lviv causes the emergence of large residential areas on the outskirts of the city. According to strict regulatory requirements for providing residents with green areas, part of the suburban forests were allocated for the establishment of local parks. A trade union recreation centers are developing around the city; 6 - 1980s - under the influence of the concept of a polarized landscape in conditions of state ownership of land and its resources, in suburban forests and in the city, separate plots with unique characteristics are distinguished, on the basis of which objects of nature reserve fund are created; 7 - from the 1990s and until now - the spreading of the city and the defragmentation of forests are observed. At the same time, the creation of new nature reserve facilities in Lviv and in the suburban area were performed as well as the formation of new reserves and their inclusion into European ecological networks.
At the same time, the process of permanent alienation of forest areas in favor of the spread of development is intensifying. The most vulnerable are the territories of Bryukhovychi and Vynnyky forest parks, which are fully included in the united territorial community of Lviv approved in 2020.
scite is a Brooklyn-based organization that helps researchers better discover and understand research articles through Smart Citations–citations that display the context of the citation and describe whether the article provides supporting or contrasting evidence. scite is used by students and researchers from around the world and is funded in part by the National Science Foundation and the National Institute on Drug Abuse of the National Institutes of Health.