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What may be the smallest anthropogenic devices to date, spherical sensors (wireless and ®berless) with radii as small as 10 nm have been produced. This class of optochemical PEBBLE (Probe Encapsulated By Biologically Localized Embedding) sensors covers a wide range of analytes (pH, calcium, oxygen and potassium included here) with excellent spatial, temporal and chemical resolution. Examples of such sensors for the monitoring of intracellular analytes are given. Methods, such as pico-injection, liposomal delivery and gene gun bombardment, are used to inject PEBBLE sensors into single cells. These PEBBLEs have caused minimal perturbation when delivered and operated inside single mammalian cells, such as human neuroblastoma, mouse oocytes or rat alveolar macrophage.

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Deformation behaviour of Type AISI 304 stainless steel was evaluated by uniaxial tensile testing at different temperatures ranging from –60 °C to 200 °C. The strengthening mechanisms of strain‐induced transformation of austenite to martensite and variant conversions have been discussed. Ludwigson and Berger's transformation kinetics relationship has been modified to take into consideration temperature during isothermal deformation. A plastic work interpretation of the maximum uniform elongation attained when taking into consideration the various phase transformations during deformation is presented. It has been demonstrated that finite element method (FEM) can be used with a limited number of parameters to predict the flow curves of these steels.

A quantitative analysis of multiphase diffusion in Cu-Zn diffusion couple is presented. The analysis is based in using the concentration profiles provided by electron micro-beam analyzer. From the dependence of the square of phase thickness from annealing time, the growth constant for each phase in each annealing temperature can be calculated. Knowing the growth constant of γ and ε phases one can calculate the activation energy and the diffusion coefficient of the above mentioned intermetallic phases.

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