2000
DOI: 10.1007/s006040050017
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Distribution of Ion-Implanted Nitrogen in Iron Alloys Investigated by AES

Abstract: What may be the smallest anthropogenic devices to date, spherical sensors (wireless and ®berless) with radii as small as 10 nm have been produced. This class of optochemical PEBBLE (Probe Encapsulated By Biologically Localized Embedding) sensors covers a wide range of analytes (pH, calcium, oxygen and potassium included here) with excellent spatial, temporal and chemical resolution. Examples of such sensors for the monitoring of intracellular analytes are given. Methods, such as pico-injection, liposomal deliv… Show more

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Cited by 53 publications
(35 citation statements)
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“…41,42 Encapsulation in porous nanoparticles goes a further stage to making reliable intracellular assessments. [43][44][45][46][47] In this paper, we show that two independent approaches, namely pinhole shifting in a two-photon excitation beam and epi-phosphorescence timecorrelated single photon counting (TCSPC), give similar estimates of local O 2 concentrations within several di®erent single-celled organisms and in suspensions of cultured mammalian cells. Some of these data have been published in preliminary form in a \Technical Design Note" note.…”
Section: Introductionmentioning
confidence: 96%
“…41,42 Encapsulation in porous nanoparticles goes a further stage to making reliable intracellular assessments. [43][44][45][46][47] In this paper, we show that two independent approaches, namely pinhole shifting in a two-photon excitation beam and epi-phosphorescence timecorrelated single photon counting (TCSPC), give similar estimates of local O 2 concentrations within several di®erent single-celled organisms and in suspensions of cultured mammalian cells. Some of these data have been published in preliminary form in a \Technical Design Note" note.…”
Section: Introductionmentioning
confidence: 96%
“…After being embedded into nanoparticles (NPs), these oxygen probes are isolated from the outside environment by the particle matrix. Therefore, photostability and cell toxicity of probe dyes are greatly improved in NPs [11][12][13][14]. Although oxygen can be sensed by single-intensity-based methods [15][16][17], more robust signals are obtained by ratiometric fluorescence methods [18,19].…”
Section: Introductionmentioning
confidence: 99%
“…Microemulsion templated synthesis has a wide range of applications going from preparation of new types of copolymers [6,7], particles for drug delivery [8], preparation of metal clusters [9,10], to formation of polymer beads with a narrow polydispersity [11,12]. In particular, microemulsion templated synthesis has been exploited to prepare nanosized sensoring devices for use in, e.g., living cells [13].…”
Section: Introductionmentioning
confidence: 99%