FNAC is a simple, quick, inexpensive, and minimally invasive technique to diagnose different types of head and neck swellings. It could differentiate the infective process from neoplastic one and avoids unnecessary surgeries. Thus, FNAC can be recommended as a first line of investigation in the diagnosis of head and neck swellings.

Introduction: Tumor blossoming may be a predictive indicator for a variety of cancers. At the invasive origin of the tumor, cells get detached from the original tumor mass.Aims & objectives: Studying breast cancer tumor budding, as well as its link to other prognostic indicators, such as clinicopathological features and hormone receptor status, will be the focus of this study.Materials & methods: Over six years, 110 cases of invasive breast cancer were examined. Ten high-power fields were used to analyze H&E-stained slices for tumor sprouting. It was determined that the tumor buds were divided into low and high grades. Tumor budding and other prognostic factors were compared using the chi-square test. It was considered significant if the p-value was less than or equal to 0.05.Results: There were 110 cases of invasive ductal carcinoma, which accounts for more than half of the total cases (88.18%). A total of 144 tumors were present, of which 74 displayed strong budding and 36 displayed poor budding. A correlation between tumor budding and tumor size, lymph node metastasis, and tumor stage is statistically significant (P = 0.0099). Conclusion:Tumor budding in breast cancer is an easily visible in microscopy, novel prognostic indicator. A new prognostic element may be added to the reporting process.

Background: E-learning has been introduced as a tool in thE-learning process in the majority of the international universities worldwide. Present study was done to develop and evaluate E-learning module to supplement traditional education in Pathology. Methods: A standardized E-learning module in Pathology was developed and validated on one 'must know' topic (Peripheral blood smear examination). All 2nd M.B.B.S. students (5th Semester) were subjected to a pre-test questionnaire, the E-learning module and a post-test questionnaire followed by feedback after obtaining their informed written consent. Feedback and suggestions given by the students were analysed. Results: Out of 145 participants, 98 were male and 47 were female. There was no statistically significant difference between perceptions of male and female participants. Comparison of pre and post test scores of students was done using Wilcoxon's sign rank test. Students scored significantly more in post-test. Only 3% scored less in post-test and 5% had similar pre-and post-test scores. Frequency and median score of various parameters of feedback given by students showed positive perceptions. Conclusion: The students' feedback showed that the E-learning method was a very effective way of teaching. In future E-learning should be implemented more frequently in Medical Education, which will create new and exciting opportunities for both educational institutions and students.

Introduction: Lymph node enlargement is frequent presentation in all age groups with a wide spectrum of diseases, ranging from infections to malignancy. Therefore, management of cases depends on lymph node pathology, which can be studied by collecting material through fine needle aspiration method that can be used as an outpatient procedure. Objectives: The study was undertaken to assess the cytomorphological features and incidence of various lymph node diseases on fine-needle aspiration cytology (FNAC) and to analyze the utility and diagnostic importance of FNAC in lymph node diseases. Materials and Methods: In the study, total of 250 patients were selected who had presented with lymph node enlargement at Department of Pathology in our Tertiary Care Centre. Results: In this series of FNAC, cervical lymph nodes were involved in majority of 171 (68.4%) cases. The age of patients ranged from 6 months to 92 years with slight male preponderance. Tubercular lymphadenitis comprised the majority (50.8%) followed by reactive lymphoid lesions (20.8%), metastatic malignancies and acute suppurative lymphadenitis (8.8%) each, granulomatous lymphadenitis (8.4%), chronic nonspecific lymphadenitis (1.2%), necrotizing lymphadenitis (0.8%) and lymphoma (0.4%). Conclusion: FNAC is a simple, safe, reliable, inexpensive and the most diagnostic tool in early detection of lymph node lesions.

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Background and objectiveEmploying the POPBL (Patient-Oriented Problem-Based Learning) method to teach students offers a fresh take on the classroom experience. It helps to enhance the motivation of the students, improves knowledge, self-learning behavior, and clinical reasoning, and also helps to promote long-lasting memory. In our medical college, we adopted a newer technology-oriented method with the use of case history, laboratory findings, a gross specimen of the same case, microscopic live sessions via Deca and Penta head microscopes, television, and microscopic camera. In light of this, in this study, we aimed to develop a patient-and technology-oriented new Problem-Based Learning (PBL) method and compare its effectiveness with the traditional tutorial method. Materials and methodsA total of 149 second-year MBBS students were enrolled in the study. Consent was taken from all students. A total of eight systems of systemic pathology from the second-year MBBS curriculum were selected. Of the eight systems, four were covered under POPBL with gross and microscopic features associated with the help of newer-generation audiovisual aids, and the other four systems were covered under the traditional tutorial/lecture method. The evaluation was performed using prevalidated objective types of questions after exposure of about one week. The objective was to evaluate and compare the outcomes and students' performance between these two sets of pathology systems. ResultsStudents gave excellent responses. Performance (87.92% of students had scores >75%) and attendance (94.14%) parameters with respect to POPBL gross and microscopic features associated with the help of newer-generation audiovisual aids like Deca and Penta head microscopes were superior compared to the traditional tutorial/lecture method, where 53.02% of students scored more than 75% and the attendance was 76.12%. The difference in attendance was also statistically significant (p=0.05). ConclusionUsing POPBL instead of standard tutorial/lecture methods leads to better outcomes. Students also found POPBL more appealing than standard lectures. It is a student-centered method that provides a significant level of motivation and encourages active participation among students. The efficacy of this new way of teaching and demonstrating will attract more students to this method.

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