Liquid-llquid extraction of fatty acids from a vegetable oil is accomplished by aqueous isopropyl alcohol in the ratio of l:l in two-stage extractions at 30 -t-2oC. The mixtures studied contained 0 to 50% fatty acids in groundnut oil, and aqueous isopropyl alcohol solutions were of 75, 80, 85, 91, 95 and 99% concentrations. Phase separation depends on {i) the fatty acids content in the model mixture, and ~ii) the concentration of aqueous isopropyl alcohol. Selective fatty acid separation and phase separation could be achieved by use of aqueous (75 and 80%) isopropyl alcohol over the whole range of fatty acid content in the model mixture.

Background: Lymphadenopathy is one of the most common clinical presentation among patients. In developing countries such as India, tuberculous (TB) lymphadenitis is one of the common causes of lymphadenopathy. Cytomorphology with acid-fast staining is a valuable diagnostic tool in cases of tuberculosis.Objective: To describe pattern of TB lymphadenitis presentation, and to compare results of fine needle aspiration cytology (FNAC) and Ziehl-Neelsen (ZN) stain in the diagnosis of TB lymphadenitis.Materials and Methods: Total 351 patients of lymphadenopathy referred to . FNAC was performed in all these patients and smears were prepared. Smears were stained with hematoxylin and eosin stain. ZN staining for acidfast bacilli (AFB) was carried out on separate slide.Results: Maximum number of patients (162; 46.15%) were from age group of 11-30 years. Total 351 cases [179 (50.99%) females and 172 (49.00%) males] were included in the study. Of 351 cases, 173 (49.28%) had tuberculosis, 141 (40.17%) had lymphadenitis other than tuberculosis, and 37 (10.54%) had malignant lymphadenopathy, including 2 (0.56%) cases of primary malignancy (i.e., lymphoma) and 35 (09.97%) of metastasis to lymph nodes. Overall, 119 (33.90%) cases were found to be positive for AFB on ZN staining.Conclusion: FNAC is an optimally selected, efficient, easy to perform, and economical test for initial diagnostic workup in patients with TB lymphadenitis. Supplementation of ZN stain with FNAC increases the rates of diagnosis.

Background: The uterus is a major female hormone-responsive reproductive pear-shaped organ located within the pelvic region. The gross morphology of uterus quite dramatically changed throughout life by changing levels of ovarian hormones. A hysterectomy is done for many reasons including the ridding of tumours both benign and malignant. It is the most commonly performed gynecological surgical procedure throughout the world. Materials and Methods: This study was undertaken to identify the different types of pathologies in hysterectomy specimens and to correlate the findings with the different age group and clinical indications. In the present study, 303 cases were studied over a period of two years from January 2016 to December 2017. Surgical specimens were formalin fixed and the tissue was adequately processed for histopathological examination. The sections were stained routinely with hematoxylin and eosin stain. Results: Of the 303 cases, half of the cases (50.8%) were encountered in the age group of 40-49 years which was the most common age group. Fibroid uterus (38.6%) and uterine prolapse (32.6%) were the most common clinical indications for hysterectomy. The most common pathology identified was leiomyoma (42.2%) in myometrium. In cervix most common finding was chronic cervicitis (28.1%). Histopathological examination confirmed the clinical and gross diagnosis in majority of the cases. Conclusions: The present study provides a fair insight into the histological patterns of lesions in hysterectomy specimens in our institution. A wide range of lesions are encountered when hysterectomy specimens are subjected to histopathological examination. Few lesions were encountered as incidental findings. Hence, it is important that every hysterectomy specimen should be subjected to detailed gross and histopathological examination for better postoperative management.

Introduction: Lymph node enlargement is frequent presentation in all age groups with a wide spectrum of diseases, ranging from infections to malignancy. Therefore, management of cases depends on lymph node pathology, which can be studied by collecting material through fine needle aspiration method that can be used as an outpatient procedure. Objectives: The study was undertaken to assess the cytomorphological features and incidence of various lymph node diseases on fine-needle aspiration cytology (FNAC) and to analyze the utility and diagnostic importance of FNAC in lymph node diseases. Materials and Methods: In the study, total of 250 patients were selected who had presented with lymph node enlargement at Department of Pathology in our Tertiary Care Centre. Results: In this series of FNAC, cervical lymph nodes were involved in majority of 171 (68.4%) cases. The age of patients ranged from 6 months to 92 years with slight male preponderance. Tubercular lymphadenitis comprised the majority (50.8%) followed by reactive lymphoid lesions (20.8%), metastatic malignancies and acute suppurative lymphadenitis (8.8%) each, granulomatous lymphadenitis (8.4%), chronic nonspecific lymphadenitis (1.2%), necrotizing lymphadenitis (0.8%) and lymphoma (0.4%). Conclusion: FNAC is a simple, safe, reliable, inexpensive and the most diagnostic tool in early detection of lymph node lesions.

Treatment of acetophenone and acetone with hydrogen peroxide in tertiary butanol with selenium dioxide as catalyst gave phenylacetic acid and propionic acid with selectivities of 80% and 97%, respectively. The effects of various process parameters on the reaction rate and selectivity with respect to the acid have been investigated. The reactions were first-order with respect to the substrates.Key words : liquid-phase oxidation of acetophenone and acetone, selenium dioxide-catalysed oxidation with hydrogen peroxide, rearrangement of carbon skeleton, synthesis of phenylacetic acid and propionic acid.