Extreme environmental conditions will consequently become a disturbance on all phases of plant growth. Malaysia is one of the developing countries that face challenges of extreme environmental conditions from climate change such as water availability and soil salinity. In response to global climate change, plants are trying to survive through several adaptation mechanisms. Clitoria ternatea or also known as Butterfly pea flower is a potential plant that can tolerate different environmental parameters. Besides, C. ternatea contains essential phytochemical compounds for pharmaceuticals, textile, medicinal and food industries. C. ternatea is originated from tropical Asia countries and it is widely available in the Asian region. Butterfly pea flower has attractive petal colours due to the presence of its bioactive compounds. C. ternatea is claimed as curing various ailments and has great antioxidant activity due to their bioactive compounds such as anthocyanins, alkaloid, steroid, tannin, reducing sugars and flavonoid. Clitoria ternatea has been evaluated as a potential medicinal plant, such as antiviral, anti-inflammatory, anti-allergic and prevent from cardiovascular damage. Meanwhile, by varying different environmental parameters, the adaptations of phytochemical in C. ternatea is expressed variously. Hence, this paper reviews the physiological effect of growth conditions on Clitoria ternatea and its effect on the production of beneficial phytoconstituents.
Abstract. Many pathogenic bacteria, viruses, and fungi contribute to the major human illness in which it can consequently lead to mortality. Normally, the infectious diseases such as chicken pox, malaria, and tuberculosis (TB) are the most common diseases occurring in today's world. Due to that, authorities and scientists have been trying to develop effective drugs to cure these infectious diseases. Many countries have been thrived to look for alternatives to plant sources as natural remedies. Moreover, the possibility of using natural plant extracts in the development of drugs has greater potential as it is considered safe for human after prolonged treatments. Malaysia possesses rich biodiversity in flora and fauna due to its tropical climate throughout the year and houses many medicinal plants. Clitoria ternatea is also known as butterfly pea flower in which is native to tropical Asian countries like Malaysia and Indonesia. C. ternatea possesses vibrant blue flowers and has antimicrobial properties that are beneficial to human health. All parts of C. ternatea have a potential of antimicrobial activity against Staphylococcus aureus, Bacillus cereus, Escherichia coli, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Klebsiella pneumoniae, Streptococcus agalactiae and Aeromonas hydrophila. Therefore, this paper will review C. ternatea as an antimicrobial agent against selected microorganisms using its leaf, flower, stem, and root.
The present investigation was aimed in determining the antibacterial activity of Clitoria ternatea that experiencing water stress treatment which comprises of positive control (watered normally for every 24 hours), negative control (no presence of water) and a treatment where C. ternatea receive water for every 48 hours. Agar disk diffusion assay had been utilized in order to investigate the measurement of zone of inhibition based on the methanolic leaf extract of C. ternatea for each treatment. Plus, calculation had been done for total phenolic content and total flavonoid content, to correlate between the length of inhibition zone. The results show that there is no presence of inhibition zone for all treatments which might be due to the low potency of the methanolic leaf extract, 0.02g/ml. C. ternatea that undergo every 48 hours of water presence hold the highest amount of total phenolic content whilst C. ternatea that encountered negative control of treatment possess the high amount of total flavonoid content. High quantity of phenolic and flavonoid content can be related with high amount of antioxidant capacity.
The seeds of Clitoria ternatea and Momordica charantia were subjected to seven pre-sowing treatments, i.e., control (T0), peeled coat and soaked in 5 oC for 24 hours (T1), peeled coat and soaked in 37 oC for 24 hours (T2), peeled coat and soaked in 5 oC for 48 hours (T3), peeled coat and soaked in 37 oC for 48 hours (T4), peeled coat and soaked in 5 oC for 48 hours (T5), peeled coat and soaked in 37 oC for 72 hours (T6). The study revealed that peeling the coat and soaking seeds in water for various temperatures and periods improved seed germination. The highest germination and germination energy percentage of C. ternatea were observed in T2, namely 94.95% and 23.69%, respectively, while the lowest germination (0%) and germination energy (0%) was found in T6. The highest germination and germination energy percentage of M. charantia, namely 64.38%, and 16.10%, respectively, were found in T3, while the lowest germination (10.67%) and germination energy (2.17%) were observed in T0. The germination may vary for both seeds used in the study as C. ternatea and M. charantia are different in type. The pre-sowing treatments of seeds would prove its potential in the practical fields.
This research is about the ethnobotanical studies of the natural color used by Temuan community in three different villages around Taman Negara Johor Gunung Ledang which are Kampung Sungai Air Tawas, Kampung Tanah Gembur, and Kampung Sungai Mersing. This study aims to document the information about plants used by the aboriginal community which act as natural colorants for future references. Semi-structured questionnaires were given to the community during the interview. The plants used by them as natural colorants were recorded. The plant sample was taken during the interview with Temuan community for the preparation of herbarium specimen. It was found that Curcuma longa is the most used plant for natural yellow color by the community. Besides that, Pandanus amaryllifolius and Lawsonia inermis have high citation frequency for the most used plant for natural green and orange color. This concludes that our environment is equipped with natural resources that are beneficial to human respectively and this traditional knowledge of natural colors must be preserved but also should be disseminated to other people for greater appreciation.
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