ABSTRACT. Anacardium othonianum Rizz. is a medicinal plant species that is native to the Brazilian savannah. Adult plants are different from other genus members in this ecosystem due to their size, and efforts to locate the plants may lead to their extraction from the savannah and, frequently, plant death. Micropropagation has played a significant role in the propagation and preservation of specimens of several plant species; therefore, this study evaluated the effect of various salt concentrations and culture medium volumes on the in vitro cultivation of A. othonianum Rizz. Trial (I) evaluated two culture media (MS and WPM) and three salt concentrations (100, 50 and 25%) in a completely randomized design. Trial (II) evaluated two culture media and salt concentrations, MS (50%) and WPM (100%), and five medium volumes (10, 15, 20, 25 and 30 mL per test tube) as a 2 x 5 factorial in a completely randomized design. After 30 and 60 days of growth, the percentage of plantlet survival, average plantlet and leaf lengths and the average number of leaves and buds per explant were evaluated. The MS (50 and 25%) media and WPM (100 and 50%) media were the most effective for plantlet regeneration. The best responses were observed in 15-and 25-mL volumes of the MS (50%) medium. Therefore, the use of a 15-mL volume is suggested for greater medium economy.Keywords: cashew, tissue culture, in vitro propagation.Cultivo in vitro de Anacardium othonianum Rizz.: efeito da variação das concentrações dos sais e volumes do meio de cultura RESUMO. O Anacardium othonianum Rizz. é uma espécie frutífera e medicinal nativa do Cerrado brasileiro. As plantas adultas distinguem-se das demais espécies do gênero existente nesse bioma em função do seu porte arbóreo. Sua exploração ocorre de forma extrativista e muitas vezes em caráter predatório. Sob esse contexto, a micropropagação tem dado significativas contribuições na propagação e preservação de caracteres de interesse em diversas espécies de plantas e, desta forma, o objetivo deste trabalho foi avaliar os efeitos de diferentes concentrações de sais e volumes do meio de cultura no cultivo in vitro de A. othonianum Rizz. No ensaio (I), testou-se dois meios de cultura (MS e WPM) e três concentrações de sais (100, 50 e 25%) dispostos em delineamento inteiramente casualizado. No ensaio (II), testou-se dois meios de cultura MS (50%) e WPM (100%) e cinco volumes de meio (10, 15, 20, 25 e 30 mL por tubo de ensaio) utilizando delineamento inteiramente casualizado, conduzido em arranjo fatorial 2 x 5. Após 30 e 60 dias de cultivo avaliou-se: porcentagem de sobrevivência de plântulas, comprimento médio de plântulas e folhas e, número médio de folhas e gemas por explante. Concluiu-se que os meios MS (50 e 25%) e WPM (100 e 50%) foram os mais eficientes na regeneração de plântulas. Foram observadas as melhores respostas no meio MS (50%) com volumes de 15 e 25 mL, desta forma sugere-se a utilização do volume de 15 mL visando maior economia.Palavras-chave: caju, cultura de tecidos, propagação in vitro.
The role of cytokinins in the differentiation of the photosynthetic apparatus in micropropagated plants and their effect on the plant's ability to transition from a heterotrophic to an autotrophic condition during acclimatization was investigated. Annona glabra L. shoots were cultured on woody plant medium supplemented with sucrose and different cytokinins to evaluate leaf tissue for chloroplast development, chloroplast numbers, photosynthetic pigmentation, total photosynthetic potential, and soluble sugar content. Plants were transferred to the rooting medium in the presence or absence of sucrose and then acclimatized. Kinetin and benzyladenine (BAP) stimulated chloroplast differentiation. Inclusion of zeatin in the medium induced the formation of greater numbers of chloroplasts in the leaves, while plants cultivated in the presence of only kinetin and BAP demonstrated greater chlorophyll a and carotenoid content. The use of kinetin and BAP during in vitro culture promoted accumulation of dry matter during the acclimatization phase, especially in plants rooted under autotrophic conditions (without sucrose). Kinetin and BAP promoted development of more leaf area and greater plant survival rates in plant acclimatization on both autotrophic and heterotrophic media. The inhibitory effects of thidiazuron on the differentiation of chloroplasts, accumulation of chlorophyll a, and photosynthetic potential were examined.
Annona glabra is a tropical species that has significant agronomic potential in terms of furnishing fruits for in natura consumption and for the production of phyto-pharmaceuticals. In vitro cultivation has been considered the most promising form of propagation for this species, although large scale utilization of this technique is currently limited by high rates of leaf abscission, reduced rates of explant multiplication and slow bud growth. The present work evaluated the effects of different cytokinins on mineral accumulation in shoots of A. glabra cultivated in vitro, and their effects on growth and survival of these plants. Buds of A. glabra were cultivated in Wood Plant Medium (WPM) in the presence of 6-benzilaminopurine (BAP), thidiazuron (TDZ), kinetin (KIN), and zeatin (ZEA). KIN and BAP use resulted in the greatest growth, largest accumulation of dry mass and leaf area development, as well as the greatest survival rate during in vitro cultivation of this species. All cytokinins tested stimulated large accumulations of nitrogen and boron in shoots, but diminished levels of calcium as compared to controls.Index terms: Growth regulators, Annonaceae, mineral nutrition. RESUMOAnnona glabra é uma espécie frutífera tropical que apresenta elevado potencial agronômico pelo fornecimento de frutos para o consumo in natura e pela produção de fitofármacos. O cultivo in vitro tem sido preconizado como a forma mais adequada de propagação para essa espécie, embora sua utilização em larga escala ainda seja limitada pela elevada taxa de abscisão foliar, reduzida taxa de multiplicação dos explantes e crescimento lento das brotações. Objetivou-se, neste trabalho, avaliar o efeito de citocininas sobre o acúmulo de minerais nas brotações de A. glabra cultivadas in vitro e seus reflexos sobre o crescimento e sobrevivência das plantas nesse tipo de ambiente. Brotações de A. glabra foram cultivadas em meio Wood Plant Medium (WPM), na presença de 6-benzilaminopurina (BAP), thidiazuron (TDZ), cinetina (KIN) e zeatina (ZEA). A utilização de KIN e BAP induziu maior crescimento, maior acúmulo de massa seca, maior desenvolvimento da área foliar e maior taxa de sobrevivência das plantas durante o cultivo in vitro dessa espécie. Todas as fontes de citocininas testadas estimularam maiores acúmulos de nitrogênio e boro nas brotações e menores de cálcio.Termos para indexação: Reguladores de crescimento, Annonaceae, nutrição mineral.
RESUMOConduziu-se este trabalho, com o objetivo de induzir a estímulo do comportamento fotoautotrófico durante o enraizamento in vitro em brotações de Annona glabra L. Brotações oriundas de cultivo em tubos fechados com tampa e película de PVC (cultivo sem aeração), com tampa sem a película de PVC e tampão de algodão (cultivo com aeração) foram inoculadas em meio WPM suplementado com 4,9 M de AIB e 164,4mM de carvão ativado na presença (58,42mM) ou ausência de sacarose. Durante o enraizamento, foram mantidas as mesmas condições de vedação dos tubos de ensaio em que as brotações foram induzidas. Após a inoculação, os tubos contendo os explantes foram mantidos em sala de crescimento sob radiação fotossintética ativa de 45-56 mol.m - 2.s -1 a 25±3 o C. Os resultados mostraram que o enraizamento das brotações de A. glabra não dependeu do suprimento de sacarose no meio de cultura, em tubos fechados com o tampão de algodão ou tampa plástica sem PVC. A aeração dos tubos de ensaio trouxe incrementos de significativos (até 250%) na matéria seca radicular. A indução de raízes secundárias (laterais) em A. glabra só ocorreu em culturas com aeração, independentemente da presença ou ausência de sacarose no meio de cultura. Com os resultado desse experimento, conclui-se que o estímulo do comportamento fotoautotrófico em A.glabra pode ser obtido com sucesso durante a fase de enraizamento in vitro. Termos para indexação:Aeração in vitro, cultura de tecidos, redução de custos, fotoautotrofia, Annona glabra. ABSTRACTThe objective of the present work was to evaluate whether Annona glabra L. shoots are able to acquire the photoautotrophic behavior during the in vitro rooting. In vitro A. glabra shoots originated from cultures in vessels sealed with cap and PVC film (culture without aeration), cap without PVC film or cotton tampon (cultures with aeration), were inoculated in WPM medium supplemented with 4.9 M IBA and 164,4mM activated charcoal in the presence (58.42mM) or absence of sucrose. During rooting, the same conditions in which shoots were induced were maintained. After inoculation, the tubes with explants were maintained in growth room under photosynthetic active radiation of 45-56 mol.m -2 .s -1 and of temperature 25±3 o C. The results showed that the rooting of A. glabra shoots do not depend on the supply of sucrose into culture medium, in vessel with aeration. Aeration of cultures brought expressive increments of dry weight of roots (up to 250%). The induction of secondary (side) roots was found only in cultures with aeration, independently of sucrose presence. One concluded that the acquisition of the photoautotrophic behavior in A. glabra may be obtained with success during the in vitro rooting phase.
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