This study aimed to investigate the clinical features of obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD) and the possible association between obsessive-compulsive symptoms and culture-related characteristics in a sample of Turkish patients with OCD. We studied 141 patients with OCD (according to DSM-IV criteria) consecutively admitted to our outpatient clinic during the period from February 1998 to December 2003. We used the Turkish version of the Structured Clinical Interview for DSM-IV (SCID) to interview all patients, and the Yale-Brown Obsessive-Compulsive Scale (Y-BOCS) to assess obsessive-compulsive symptoms and severity. The onset of OCD symptoms was earlier in males. Major depression was the most common comorbid disorder (30.5%). The most commonly occurring obsessions were contamination (56.7%), aggression (48.9%), and somatic (24.1%), followed by religious (19.9%), symmetry (18.4%), and sexual imagery (15.6%). Symmetry and sexual obsessions, and checking compulsions and rituals, tended to be more common in male patients. Dirt and contamination obsessions and washing compulsions were slightly more common in females. The vast majority of patients with religious obsessions (83%) and half of the patients with sexual obsessions had compulsions that included religious practices. Also, patients with sexual and religious obsessions had delayed seeking professional help.

 ÖzÖzel yetenekli bireylerin belirlenme ve tanılanma süreci eğitim dünyasında çok fazla destek görmekle beraber aynı zamanda çok fazla görüş ayrılığına neden olarak tartışma yaratmaktadır. Tanılamanın önemi arttıkça tanılamada neyin, neden, nasıl ve ne zaman yapılacağı soruları gündeme gelmektedir. Bu nedenle günümüzde özel yetenek kavramının değerlendirilmesinde ve tanılanmasında alternatif değerlendirme araçları olarak geliştirilen öğretmenler tarafından doldurulan değerlendirme ölçekleri dünyada oldukça sık kullanılan ölçekler haline gelmiştir. Öğretmenlerin sınıf ortamında öğrenciler hakkındaki gözlem ve görüşlerini değerlendirmelerine imkân sağlayan bu ölçekler öğrencinin bir gruba göre değerlendirilmesine de imkân sağlamaktadır. Bu çalışmada özel yetenekli bireyleri tanılamanın amaç ve ilkeleri, tanılama modelleri, ülkemizde tanılama sürecinin gelişimi ve bu tarama sürecine katkıda bulunacak alternatif değerlendirme araçları hakkında detaylı bilgiye yer verilmiştir.Anahtar Kelimler: Özel Yetenek, Üstün Zeka, Üstün Yetenek, Özel Yeteneklilerin Tanılanması, Alternatif Değerlendirme Araçları. AbstractAlthough the process of determining and identifying gifted individuals has been widely supported in education world, it also causes many discussions because of raising many differences of opinions. As the importance of determining increases, the questions what, why, when and where come to the fore for determining the gifted. Because of this reason, today in evaluating and determining process the rating scales, which are developed as an alternative scale and filled by teachers, is being frequently used in the world. These scales, which give teachers the opportunity of evaluating the observation and views about the students in a class context, give teachers the chance of evaluating a student according to a group. In this study detailed information about the aims and principles of determining gifted students, determining models, the progress of determining process in our country and alternative rating scales that contribute to this scanning process is given.Keywords: Gifted, Talented, Identifying Gifted Individuals, Gifted Rating Scales. GirişÖzel yetenekli öğrencileri tanılama süreci; zekâ, yaratıcılık, liderlik, sanatsal eğilim ve başarı gibi bireysel özelliklere ilişkin verilen toplanması ve toplanan veriler doğrultusunda bireylerin zihinsel kapasiteleri veya potansiyelleri hakkında değerlendirmenin yapılması, öğretmenlerin bu alanlarda eğitimlerinin tamamlanması ve var olan eğitim sisteminin ihtiyaca yönelik düzenlenmesi boyutlarını kapsar. Bu süreç içerisinde yapılan değerlendirmelerin daha geçerli ve güvenilir olmasını sağlamak adına veri toplama araçlarının çeşitlendirilmesi ve farklı disiplinlerden uzmanların sürece katılması sağlanmalıdır (Sak, 2014) . Ancak özel yetenekli bireylerin tanılanma süreci eğitim dünyasında çok fazla destek görmesinin yanı sıra aynı zamanda çok fazla görüş ayrılığına neden olmakta ve tartışma yaratmaktadır (Heller ve Schofield, 2008) . Bu süreçte; üstün zekâ göstergeleri olara...

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The reliability and validity of the Turkish-translated version of the Gifted Rating Scales (GRS) were tested on 30 preschool teachers who provided ratings for a total of 390 preschoolers aged ranging from 4 years, 0 months to 6 years, 11 months. Results indicated that the reliability and validity of all five of the GRS-P subscales were high. Confirmatory factor analysis provided support for the five-factor model, corroborating other validation studies. Results found a significant difference in gender for artistic talent and motivation, but otherwise no effect for gender. There was no significant difference across age groups. The present study provides preliminary support for a Turkish-translated version of the GRS-P. Implications for the rating scale's use as a viable screening instrument in Turkey to assist in early, preschool gifted identification were discussed.

BACKGROUNDRecent studies have focused on the nature of cognitive dysfunction in bipolar patients. The purpose of the current study was to investigate cognitive performance of individuals with bipolar disorder compared to healthy control subjects during a well-established euthymic period.METHODSThe sample consisted of 27 bipolar euthymic patients and 21 control subjects. Verbal and visual memory performance, attention, executive functions and psychosocial functions were evaluated for each participant.RESULTSBipolar patients showed significant attentional deficit and executive dysfunction and also poor performance on verbal and visual memory tasks compared to the controls. Illness duration and lifetime total episode number and previous episode with psychotic features was associated with worsened performance on attention, executive and memory tasks. Psychosocial functioning was not associated with cognitive deficit.CONCLUSIONSThe present study showed persistent cognitive impairment on inhibitory control and selective attention as well as poor performance on verbal and visual memory tests in a group of bipolar euthymic patients. The impaired neuropsychological performance was associated with duration of illness, total number of episodes per lifetime, and previous episodes with psychotic features. Attentional dysfunction seemed to be a trait abnormality for the sample studied.

Major depressive disorder (MDD) is a syndrome, which is quite frequent in the society, can be recurrent and shows symptoms of emotional, cognitive and behavioral disorder. Brain imaging studies support that patients diagnosed with MDD suffer dysfunction in limbic structures such as frontal cortex, amygdala, hippocampus and cingulate cortex and basal ganglions that regulate these functions. Psychotherapy is an effective treatment option for prevention of recurrent depressive attacks as well as for acute treatment of depression. It is thought that psychotherapy shows its effect by focusing on misleading cognitions and emotional information processing processes that lead to rise and persistence of symptoms of depression, which in turn boosts problem solving and coping skills. Neurobiological reflections of clinical recovery achieved by psychotherapy are not yet well known. In this study, it is aimed to review cognitive behavioral psychotherapy (CBT), interpersonal psychotherapy (IPT) and psychodynamic psychotherapy methods used frequently in treatment of MDD, along with functional brain imaging studies performed on treated depressive patients. Studies show that CBT lead to changes in the prefrontal cortex, cingulate cortex and amygdala metabolisms and activities. Activity of the subgenual cingulate cortex, which takes part in the regulation of the limbic activity, seems to play an important role in the response to CBT like in the response to antidepressant treatment. It was found that interpersonal psychotherapy (IPT) ensures recovery of metabolism and blood flow in the prefrontal cortex, cingulate cortex and basal ganglions. It was observed that psychodynamic therapy ensured recovery of abnormal activities in especially the prefrontal cortex and cingulate cortex in MDD, similar to the CBT and IPT. There is need for more long-term, follow-up studies in this area.

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