Music therapy during SWL reduced pain and anxiety. Music therapy with NCHs was more effective for pain and anxiety reduction. To reduce pain and anxiety, nonpharmacologic therapies such as music therapy with NCHs during SWL should be investigated further and used routinely.

In this study, pathological stage was found to be the most important factor affecting urethral recurrence and prostatic stromal invasion was an important prognostic factor in these cases. Although risk factors for urethral recurrence were similar in both groups, urethral recurrence rates were significantly lower in OCD group when compared to IC group.

Aims: To investigate the effect of sildenafil on uroflowmetry values of patients with lower urinary tract symptoms (LUTS) suggestive of benign prostatic enlargement (BPE). Methods: Thirty-eight consecutive patients and 15 control subjects without voiding symptoms were enrolled in the study. All patients underwent uroflowmetry testing thrice on different occasions. The highest maximum urinary flow rate (Q_max) values with a sufficient voided volume (≧150 ml) were evaluated. The patients and controls were seen the day after the initial uroflowmetry measurements and were given 100 mg sildenafil. Afterwards uroflowmetry was repeated. The uroflowmetry values of both groups before and after sildenafil were compared. Results: Of the 38 patients, 29 (76%) showed improvement in flow rates. The mean Q_max was 11.4 ± 0.39 and 15.7 ± 0.74 ml/s before and after sildenafil, respectively (p < 0.0001). The mean percentage difference in Q_max was +38% higher after sildenafil. The mean average flow rate (Q_ave) and the mean voiding time values were also significantly improved. The mean voided volumes of the patients before and after sildenafil were 241 ± 78 and 264 ± 72 ml, respectively (p = 0.07). There were no significant differences in the Q_max, Q_ave and voided volumes of the control group. Conclusions: Sildenafil exhibits a significant improvement in Q_max and Q_ave rates in men with LUTS.

Paraoxonase and arylesterase enzymes are corner stones of antioxidant defence. We aimed to compare azoospermic infertile men and normozoospermic individuals with respect to total antioxidant status (TAS), total oxidant status (TOS), oxidative stress index (OSI), paraoxonase and arylesterase levels in the blood and seminal plasma. Two-hundred consecutive infertility patients and voluntarily participated were included. In the normozoospermic group, TAS, PON, arylesterase values were statistically significantly higher when compared with those in the azoospermic group, while lower TOS and OSI levels were observed in the blood and seminal plasma of azoospermic group. In the semen analyses of normozoospermic group, the correlation between semen volume, sperm concentration, sperm motility and morphology and TAS, TOS, OSI, PON and arylesterase values was examined. A negative correlation was determined between semen volume and OSI. Levels of serum oxidative parameters were higher in the azoospermic group relative to normozoospermic group, but antioxidant parameters were lower than those of the normozoospermic group. Oxidative stress performs an essential role in the aetiology of male infertility by negatively influencing sperm quality and function. Assessment of blood and seminal plasma oxidative profiles might be an important tool to better evaluation of sperm reproductive capacity and functional competence.

This study analyzed the impact of an immediate second transurethral resection of bladder tumor (TURBT) protocol on residual tumor status at the initial TURBT session and the recurrence rate in the primary resection area. We prospectively evaluated and randomized 47 consecutive patients who underwent TURBT sessions for bladder cancer. In accordance with the inclusion criteria, of the 47 consecutive patients, 19 (Group I) underwent immediate second resection of the tumor bed after complete TUR and 28 (Group II) did not. After standard TURBT, Group I underwent a second cystoscopy and resection of the bed of the tumor or an ignored tumor, which was performed by a different urologist. After 4-6 weeks, delayed second TURB was performed, and all pathological results were evaluated. Tumors were detected in two patients during the immediate second resection. Of these, one was a misdiagnosed tumor, whereas the other was diagnosed at the bed of the tumor by pathological examination. Tumors were detected in nine patients at the delayed second TURB, of which only one was part of Group I, while the others were part of Group II (p = 0.04). The results of this study demonstrated that residual tumors may remain after initial TURB, either in the tumor bed or in a different location within the bladder. Although this was a pilot study enrolling only a small number of patients, our initial results supported the assertion that immediate second resection can be an alternative to standard second TURBT.

İnfertilite nedeniyle başvuran hastalarda varikosel ve antropometrik indeks ilişkisini değerlendirmek.Yöntemler: İnfertilite nedeniyle başvuruda bulunan 600 hasta çalışmaya dahil edildi. Varikosel varlığı ve derecesi fizik muayene ile değerlendirildi. Antropometrik indeks parametreleri varikosel varlığı ve derecesi açısından karşılaştırıldı. Antropometrik indexler; vücut kitle indexi, bel çevresi ve bel-kalça oranı kaydedildi.Bulgular: Hastaların 210'unda (%35) varikosel saptandı. Ortalama vücut kitle indexi, bel çevresi ve bel-kalça oranı; varikoseli olmayanlarda 30.5 ± 6.4 kg/cm 2 , 86.40 ± 9.97 cm ve 0.89 ± 0.05, varikoseli olanlarda 24.7 ± 5.2 kg/cm 2 , 81.19 ± 9.01 cm ve 0.82 ± 0.05 idi (p<0.001). Varikosel derecesi ile antropometrik indeks parametreleri arasında istatistiksel anlam mevcuttu (p<0.001). Normal vücut ağırlığı olanların % 45' inde, fazla kilolu olanların % 34'ünde ve obez hastaların % 21'inde varikosel saptandı (p<0.001). Varikosel prevalansı tüm varikosel dereceleri için artan vücut kitle index ile birlikte azalmaktaydı (p<0.001).Sonuç: Varikosel prevalansı vücüt kitle indeksi arttıkça azalmaktadır. Mevcut veriler obezitesinin nutcracker etkisini azalttığı, adipoz dokunun renal vene baskıyı engellediği yorumunu desteklemektedir.

İnfertilite küresel bir problemi temsil eder ve WHO tarafından gebeliği önleyici bir yöntem kullanmamasına rağmen cinsel olarak aktif bir çiftin bir yıl içinde gebeliğe ulaşamaması şeklinde tanımlanır. [1] Epidemiyolojik verilere göre, üreme çağındaki dünya nüfusunun ortalama %10'unun infertil olarak sınıflandırıldığı tahmin edilmektedir. [2] Dünya Sağlık Örgütü (WHO), sperm anomalilerinin farklı alt tiplerini; astenozoospermi, oligozoospermi, teratozoospermi veya bunların kombinasyonları şeklinde tanımlamıştır. [3] Astenozoospermi, ejakülatta azalmış motilite veya sperm motilitesi olmaması ile tanımlanır. Bu 3 parametrenin anormallikleri sıklıkla bir arada bulunduğundan, duruma oligoastenoteratozoospermi veya OAT denir. Bu gruptaki erkeklerde %30'a varan oranda spesifik bir etiyoloji belirlenemez ve bu durum idiyopatik OAT olarak kabul ABSTRACT Infertility is defined as the inability of a sexually active, non-contracepting couple to achieve pregnancy in one year. No specific etiology can be determined in men up to 30% of infertility cases and it is considered as idiopathic infertility. In this group, empirical drug therapies are widely used in clinical practice. These drugs may be antioxidant or hormonal. Probiotics can be considered as promising supportive agents especially in male idiopathic infertility due to its regulatory effects, antioxidant and anti hyperlipidemic effects on seminal microbiome. Although it is quite expensive more experimental and clinical prospective studies are needed to express this opinion stronger.

Ankaferd Blood Stopper (ABS), a hemostatic agent of plant origin, has been registered for the prevention of clinical hemorrhages. Currently there is no data regarding the ultrastructural analysis of ABS at the tissue level. The aim of this study is to assess renal tissue effects via scanning electron microscopy (SEM) analyses for the ABS and ABS nanohemostat (formed by the combination of self-assembling peptide amphiphile molecules and ABS). SEM experiments were performed with FEI Nova NanoSEM 230, using the ETD detector at low vacuum mode with 30 keV beam energy. SEM analyses revealed that significant erythroid aggregation are present inside the capillary bed of the renal tissue. However, neither the signs of necrosis nor any other sign of tissue damage are evident in the surrounding renal tissue supplied by the microcapillary vasculature. Our study is important for several reasons. Firstly, in our study we used ABS nanohemostat which was recently developed. This study adds valuable information to the literature regarding ABS nanohemostat. Secondly, this study is the first ultrastructural analysis of ABS that was performed at the tissue level. Thirdly, we disclosed that ABS nanohemostat could induce vital erythroid aggregation at the renal tissue level as detected by SEM. Lastly, we detected that ABS nanohemostat causes no harm to the tissues including necrosis and any other detrimental effects.