Abstract. Riwidiharso E, Darsono, Setyowati EA, Pratiknyo H, Sudiana E, Santoso S, Yani E, Widhiono I. 2020. Prevalence and diversity of ectoparasites in scavenging chickens (Gallus domesticus) and their association to body weight. Biodiversitas 21: 3163-3169. Domestic chickens (Gallus domesticus) which are traditionally fed by scavenging on farms predispose them to ectoparasites infestation. In this study, a preliminary survey was conducted on the common ectoparasites on G. domesticus in the rural areas of Banyumas. The purposes of this study were to determine the diversity of ectoparasites, their prevalence, and their relationship to the chickens body weight. This research was conducted by the survey method from December 2019 to April 2020 in five villages around the city of Purwokerto, Banyumas District, Central Java, Indonesia viz., Kedungwuluh, Kedungwringin, Kutasari, Karangsalam, and Karanggintung. Data analysis was conducted by Shannon Wiener and Evenness indexes. Analysis of variance was used to calculate the difference in prevalence among sample locations. Regression correlation analysis was used to determine the relationship between prevalence and chicken body weight. The results showed that there were six ectoparasite species  i.e., Menopon gallinae, Menacanthus cornutus, Lipeurus caponis, Dermanysus gallinae, Megninia ginglymura, and Haemaphysallis sp. parasitizing G. domesticus. The number of ectoparasite individuals among locations was significantly different (F 5.59 < 32.45; p <0.05). The most number of ectoparasite was found in Karangsalam (272 individuals). The most prevalent ectoparasite was M. cornutus (45%), followed by L. caponis (40%), and the lowest was M. synglineura (25%). Ectoparasite prevalence was associated with chicken weight loss (r = 0.98). The prevalence of ectoparasite of domestic chickens farm in the Banyumas Regency is classified as low but has the potential to influence body weight.

Lymphatic filariasis is a disease caused by the filarial worm Wuchereria brancofti, Brugia malayi, and Brugia timori that attack lymph and lymph nodes. Cx. quinquefasciatus is a vector of filarial bancroftiin urban area. Subdistrict Cisayong as endemic filariasis area with microfilaria rate in> 1%. Elimination of Filariasis in Indonesia was done in two methods such as filariasis mass drug administration in endemic areas and vectorcontrol. Vector control and potential transmission of filariasis needs some information including infection rate, parity rate and density of Culex larvae. The purpose of research are to observe the spesies of Culex mosquitoes, infection rate, parousitas, and density of Culex mosquito larvae.The method is a survey method using cluster sampling method. The cluster in this research are 39 RT in Cisayong village. Mosquitoes was catched from 9 groups (RT) which is elected. Sampling was conducted in the night at 18:00 to 00:00 pm.The results shows that the spesiesof Culex were catched in Cisayong including Cx. quinquefasciatus, Cx. hutchinsoni, Cx. sitiens, Cx. vishnui, Cx. pseudovishnui, Cx. tritaeniorinchus AbstrakFilariasis limfatik merupakan penyakit disebabkan oleh cacing filaria Wuchereria brancofti, Brugia malayi, dan Brugia timori yang menyerang saluran dan kelenjar getah bening. Cx. quinquefasciatus merupakan vektor filariasis bancrofti di daerah urban. Kecamatan Cisayong endemis filariasis dengan Microfilaria rate >1%. Eliminasi filariasis di Indonesia ditetapkan dua pilar kegiatan yaitu pemberian obat massal pencegahan filariasis (POMP filariasis) di daerah endemis dan pengendalian vektor. Pengendalian vektor dan potensi vektor dalam penularan filariasis dapat diketahui melalui berbagai hal diantaranya dengan mengetahui spesies Culex, angka infeksi, parousitas dan kepadatan larva Culex.Tujuan penelitian yaitu mengetahui spesies nyamuk Culex, infection rate, parousitas, dan kepadatan larva nyamuk Culex. Metode yang digunakan dalam penelitian ini yaitu metode survei dengan teknik cluster sampling. Kelompok (Cluster) dalam penelitian ini yaitu RT berjumlah 39 RT yang ada di Desa Cisayong. Penangkapan sampel nyamuk dilakukan di 9 kelompok (RT) yang terpilih. Pengambilan sampel dilakukan pada malam hari pukul 18.00-00.00 WIB. Hasil penelitan menujukkan bahwa spesies Culex yang ditangkap di Desa Cisayog diantaranya Cx. quinquefasciatus, Cx. hutchinsoni , Cx. sitiens , Cx. vishnui , Cx. pseudovishnui , Cx. tritaeniorhynchus dan Cx. gelidus, infection rate 0%, sementara itu, parousitasCx. quinquefasciatus 66%, Cx. hutchinsoni 17%, Cx. sitiens 68%, Cx. vishnui 55%, Cx. pseudovishnui 21%, Cx. tritaeniorhynchus 53%, dan Cx. gelidus 54%. Kepadatan larva Culex sp. yaitu 3,38/cidukan.

Abstract. Darsono, Riwidiharso E, Santoso S, Sudiana E, Yani E, Nasution EK, Aprilliana H, Chasanah T. 2020. Insect diversity in various distances to forest edge in small nature reserve: A case study of Bantarbolang Nature Reserve, Central Java, Indonesia. Biodiversitas 21: 4821-4828. A nature reserve is a conservation area with the objective of conserving the biodiversity of the flora and fauna within its boundaries. However, many nature reserves are fragmented into small extent and isolated from natural habitat, causing the so-called edge effect. This research aimed to investigate insect diversity across various distances to forest edge in small and isolated protected areas. Research was conducted in the Bantarbolang Nature Reserve, Pemalang District, Central Java, Indonesia. A survey was conducted to determine the diversity of insects, especially those from the Diptera (flies), Lepidoptera (butterfly), and Hymenoptera (bees and wasp) orders. The environmental parameters recorded were temperature, humidity, and flowering plant diversity and abundance. Line transects were laid at a length of 100 m, parallel to the forest edge at three different distance ranges from the edge: 0-50 m, 50-100 m, and 100-150 m. Species diversity was measured using the Shannon-Wiener index, evenness index, and Sorensen similarity index. Over the 4-month study period, 1713 individual insects from 63 species and from the following three orders were found: Lepidoptera (Rhopalocera; 33 species, 5 families, 932 individuals); Hymenoptera (20 species, 423 individuals) and Diptera (10 species, 7 families, 376 individuals). The highest diversity was found at the edge of the forest and the lowest at the distance of 100-150 m from the forest edge. While the study area can support a diversity of insects, especially pollinating insects, but it is unable to support the conservation of light-sensitive butterflies. The results of this study suggest that small nature reserve can support a diversity of pollinating insects, especially from the Diptera, Lepidoptera, and Hymenoptera. However, it has limited conservation potential because of the significant impact of forest edges on species composition, especially on specialist butterfly species with habitat in forest interior.

Lymphatic filariasis or elephantiasis is a vector borne disease caused by filarial worms that live in the lymph glands and lymph vessels of humans. W. bancrofti is the highest infection (90%) in the world. In urban areas, filariasis bancrofti was transmitted by Culex mosquitoes. Based on the health databases province, the number of people with filariasis in Central Java from 2011 to 2014 did not decline the cases. Based on the health profile of Regency / City in 2014, there are 23 cases of filariasis in Brebes regency, Central Java. One of the filariasis cases were found in the village of Dukuhturi, Bumiayu sub-district, Brebes. The survey of filariasis in Dukuhturi has never been done previously, therefore, this research conducted to observe of the biology of its vector and infection of filariasis in community. Culex sp. can be potentially as a vector is stated in many things, such as if was found microfilariae in the mosquito and the mosquito everbeen bite of the humans blood, it can be detected by the parousity mosquito in its ovaries. The aims of this research are to determine the parity rate of the mosquito, the prevalence of mosquitoes and villagers Dukuhturi were infected by microfilariae, and the density of microfilariae in respondents who infected by microfilariae. This research was conducted by using a survey method with cluster random sampling. Blood sampling performed by the ethical clearance and informed concent. The data were tabulated and analyzed descriptively based parousity of mosquitoes, the prevalence of mosquitoes and human who infected by microfilariae, and density of microfilariae in the human who infected by microfilariae. The result shows that parousity of mosquitoCulex sp. is high (94,45%) but the prevalence either in mosquito and respondent were 0%, so that the density of microfilariae is 0.Keyword: filariasis, parousity, prevalence, dencity of microfilariae. AbstrakFilariasis limfatik atau penyakit kaki gajah merupakan salah satu penyakit tular vektor yang disebabkan oleh cacing filaria yang hidup dalam kelenjar limfa dan saluran limfa manusia. Filariasis limfatik yang disebabkan Wuchereria bancrofti mendominasi hampir 90% infeksi di dunia.Di daerah perkotaan, filariasis bancrofti ditularkan oleh nyamuk Culex.Berdasarkan database kesehatan per Provinsi, jumlah penderita filariasis di Jawa Tegah dari tahun 2011 sampai 2014 tidak mengalami penurunan. Berdasarkan Profil kesehatan Kab/Kota 2014, di Kabupaten Brebes terdapat 23 kasus filariasis.Salah satu kasus filariasis tersebut ditemukan di Desa Dukuhturi, Kecamatan Bumiayu, Kabupaten Brebes yang kemungkinan ditularkan oleh nyamuk Culex sp. Survei mengenai filariasis belum pernah dilakukan di desa tersebut, oleh karena itu dilakukan survei terhadap darah tepi penduduk Desa Dukuhturi dan nyamuk Culex sp. sebagai vektornya. Nyamuk Culex sp. dapat berpotensi sebagai vektor filariasis jika ditemukan mikrofilaria di dalam tubuh nyamuk dan nyamuk pernah menghisap darah manusia, yang dapat diketahui dengan adanya kondisi parous (pernah...

Kupu-kupu adalah serangga yang termasuk dalam Ordo Lepidoptera, artinya serangga yang hampir seluruh permukaan tubuhnya tertutupi oleh lembaran-lembaran sisik yang memberi corak dan warna sayap kupu-kupu. Keanekaragaman dan Kelimpahan kupu-kupu di pengaruhi oleh faktor lingkungan seperti intensitas cahaya matahari, temperatur, dan kelembapan. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui keanekaragaman dan kelimpahan kupu-kupu di Cagar Alam Bantarbolang, Jawa Tengah. Data yang di dapat di analisis menggunakan indeks keanekaragaman indeks keanekaragaman Shannon-Wiener, indeks kemerataan Shannon-Evenners, dan Indeks dominansi. Hasil penelitian yang telah dilakukan menunjukkan bahwa ditemukan 359 individu dalam 6 familia. Keanekaragaman tertinggi yaitu pada jarak 0 m (H’ = 2.760; E: 0,752). Kelimpahan tertinggi pada jarak 0 m dengan jumlah individu sebanyak 192. Keanekaragaman tertinggi pada jarak 0 m di tepi hutan, sedangkan keragaman terrendah pada jarak 150 m di dalam hutan. Keanekaragaman kupu-kupu didominasi oleh H. glaucippe dari famili Piridae sebanyak 64 individu. Faktor lingkungan yang paling mempengaruhi keanekaragaman dan kelimpahan kupu-kupu adalah intensitas cahaya matahari.

Purwonegoro Fish Market in Banjarnegara district is the largest fish market in southern and western Central Java. This fish market serves as a center for buying and selling fish and fish fry traffic in a particular place to the location of the fish farmers. This activity possibly spreads a particular type of disease from one area to another. Trichodina sp. is found on gouramy fish fry in hatchery center area with the pathogenicity level of 80%. Trichodina sp. has a big impact in the gouramy farming by dangerously reduces the physical condition of the fish and cause death of gouramy fry. The results showed that as many as 56 gouramy fish fry were infected by Trichodina sp. from 150 gouramy fish fry examined. Total number of Trichodina sp. found was 573 individual from the infected gouramy fry. Total intensity of Trichodina sp. of gouramy fry was 10,97 individual/fish. The morphometric characters measurement of Trichodina sp. showed morphometric variation with the range of body diameter 47,5 -112,5 μm; denticle ring diameter 22,5 -47,5 μm; denticle diameter 12,5 -42,5 μm, adhesive disc diameter 37,5 -65 μm; membrane width 2,5 -7,5 μm and the number of denticle 13 -28. Trichodina sp. allegedly found were T. heterodentata, T. nigra, and T. acuta.Key Words : gouramy, Trichodina sp., intensity, morphometric variation. AbstrakPasar Ikan Purwonegoro, Kabupaten Banjarnegara merupakan pasar ikan terbesar se-Jawa Tengah bagian selatan dan barat. Pasar ikan ini berfungsi sebagai sentra jual beli ikan dan lalu lintas benih ikan di tempat tertentu ke lokasi petani ikan. Hal ini tidak menutup kemungkinan akan menyebarnya suatu jenis penyakit tertentu dari satu daerah ke daerah lain. Trichodina sp. ditemukan hampir di seluruh wilayah sentra jual-beli ikan gurami dengan tingkat patogenisitas mencapai 80%. Trichodina sp. memiliki peran besar dalam produksi budidaya ikan gurami dengan cara menurunkan kondisi fisik ikan sehingga membahayakan dan menimbulkan kematian ikan gurami pada fase benih. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa sebanyak 150 ekor benih ikan gurami yang diperiksa, 56 ekor benih yang terinfeksi Trichodina sp. Jumlah Trichodina sp. yang ditemukan sebanyak 573 individu dari benih yang terinfeksi. Intensitas total Trichodina sp. pada benih ikan gurami sebesar 10,97 individu/ekor dan tergolong cukup tinggi. Hasil pengukuran karakter morfometrik Trichodina sp. menunjukkan adanya variasi morfometrik dengan diameter tubuh 47,5 -112,5µm; diameter cincin dentikel 22,5-47,5µm ; diameter dentikel 12,5-42,5µm, diameter adhesive disc 37,5-65µm; lebar membran 2,5-7,5µm dan jumlah dentikel 13-28. Trichodina sp. yang ditemukan diduga terdapat tiga jenis yaitu T. heterodentata, T. nigra, dan T. acuta.

Abstract. Artificial blood-feeding using the parafilm-M membrane can be used as an alternative solution andsubstitute live animals as a source of blood. This method is not only be used for blood-feeding but also to infectthe dengue virus (DENV) to mosquitoes. This study was aimed to determine the effectiveness artificial bloodfeeding using parafilm-M membrane in Aedes mosquitoes originated in Indonesia and determine the positivityof mosquitoes infected by Indonesia DENV-1. DENV-1 was isolated from patient and propagated in Vero cellculture. The feeding was done in cardboard cups after mosquitos have been starved for 4-17 hours before beingfed with human blood. A conical 50ml tube was prepared, and a hole was created in the tube lid. The tubeopening was covered with parafilm. Glycerol was added into conical tube and heated in water bath for an hourat 55oC. A mixture of blood and DENV-1 was made with concentration of 10%. Detection of DENV in bloodfedmosquitos was carried out by using Simplexa Dengue Real-Time RT-PCR assay. The results showed thatthe prevalence of blood-fed mosquitoes reached 66.67% with fasting period for 17 hours. Blood feedingmosquitoes are affected by duration of fasting period, blood-feeding time, and attractants from human skinrubbed into parafilm-M membrane. The prevalence of blood-fed Ae. aegypti infected by DENV was 20.83%.This study provides information on the effectiveness of artificial parafilm membrane blood-feeding in alaboratory setting that will be useful for vector control study in Indonesia.

Climate change is likely to lead to adaptations among important crop species. Elevational gradients can be used to illustrate the effects of climate change on crop adaptation patterns. The research aimed to determine adaptation patterns in crop species across an elevational (and therefore temperature and humidity) gradient. A factorial design was applied with two factors within a simple Randomized Complete Block Design, wherein the primary factor was elevation (10 – 1,000 m). Three crop species (long bean, common bean, and winged bean) were used as test species. Growth rate and flower number were used as adaptation parameters. The results indicated that these three cash crop species showed different adaptation patterns. Common bean showed the greatest vegetative growth at approximately 600 m in elevation, long bean at 400 m in elevation, and winged bean at 10 m in elevation. The results of this study indicate that the three tested agricultural crops have different adaptation patterns, and these results was the first finding to be published in Indonesia. For agriculture practices, it can be recommended that planting of these cash crops be adapted to the elevation of the planting area.