Abstract. Riwidiharso E, Darsono, Setyowati EA, Pratiknyo H, Sudiana E, Santoso S, Yani E, Widhiono I. 2020. Prevalence and diversity of ectoparasites in scavenging chickens (Gallus domesticus) and their association to body weight. Biodiversitas 21: 3163-3169. Domestic chickens (Gallus domesticus) which are traditionally fed by scavenging on farms predispose them to ectoparasites infestation. In this study, a preliminary survey was conducted on the common ectoparasites on G. domesticus in the rural areas of Banyumas. The purposes of this study were to determine the diversity of ectoparasites, their prevalence, and their relationship to the chickens body weight. This research was conducted by the survey method from December 2019 to April 2020 in five villages around the city of Purwokerto, Banyumas District, Central Java, Indonesia viz., Kedungwuluh, Kedungwringin, Kutasari, Karangsalam, and Karanggintung. Data analysis was conducted by Shannon Wiener and Evenness indexes. Analysis of variance was used to calculate the difference in prevalence among sample locations. Regression correlation analysis was used to determine the relationship between prevalence and chicken body weight. The results showed that there were six ectoparasite species i.e., Menopon gallinae, Menacanthus cornutus, Lipeurus caponis, Dermanysus gallinae, Megninia ginglymura, and Haemaphysallis sp. parasitizing G. domesticus. The number of ectoparasite individuals among locations was significantly different (F 5.59 < 32.45; p <0.05). The most number of ectoparasite was found in Karangsalam (272 individuals). The most prevalent ectoparasite was M. cornutus (45%), followed by L. caponis (40%), and the lowest was M. synglineura (25%). Ectoparasite prevalence was associated with chicken weight loss (r = 0.98). The prevalence of ectoparasite of domestic chickens farm in the Banyumas Regency is classified as low but has the potential to influence body weight.
Malaria is an important global disease that threatened human life. The resistance Plasmodium sp. to the available medicines encourages the search for new antimalarial substances based on new mechanisms on the inhibition of PfMQO (the mitochondrial Plasmodium falciparum enzyme). Objective: The purposes of this study was to screen antimalarial substances from microalgae based on the inhibition of PfMQO. Materials and Methods: Five microalgae were extracted by maceration using chloroform pa and ethanol pa. These ten crude extracts obtained were tested for the inhibitory activity against the PfMQO enzyme. Results: The highest inhibitory activity against PfMQO enzyme was chloroform extract of S. costatum with 91.050% of inhibition and 0.043 µg/mL of IC 50 . The ethanol extract of S. platensis showed 91.999% and 5.25 µg/mL of inhibition and IC 50 , respectively. These results indicated that the two extracts provide high antimalarial activity exceeded a theoretical standard of antimalarial bioactive compounds. Conclusion: Chloroform extract of S. costatum and ethanol extract of S. platensis are promising sources of antimalarial compounds based on the inhibition of PfMQO. SUMMARY ABOUT AUTHORS• Seven samples from a total of ten microalgae extracts (chloroform and ethanol) exhibited high antimalarial activity.• The highest antimalarial activity was shown by the ethanol extract of S. platensis.• Antimalarial activity from S.platensis and S. costatum showed high inhibitory activity of P. falciparum and promising resources to developed antimalarial compounds.
Antifeeding activity of soursop leaf extract (Annona muricata L.) and its effect on nutrition indices and the microscopic structure of peritrophic membrane of the fifth-instar larvae of Spodoptera litura F. were studied. Antifeeding test was conducted by choice method. Discs of caisin leaf were dipped into the ether fraction of soursop leaf extract with concentrations of 0; 0.63; 2.50; and 10.00%. Nutrition indices and peritrophic membrane structure were observed by giving fifth-instar larvae one of the five diets, every group of diet was added to various concentrations of the ether fraction of soursop leaf extract, containing either 0; 0.63; 1.25; 2.50; and 5.00%. The result showed that soursop leaf extract had antifeeding activity at tested concentration 2.50%. Relative consumption rate (RCR), relative growth rate (RGR), and efficiency of conversion of ingested food (ECI) were significantly lower in the case of treated larvae than that of the controls. However the efficiency of conversion of digested food (ECD), approximate digestibility (AD), and peritrophic membrane structure treated with soursop leaf extract were not significantly affected as compared to those in controls.
Abstract. Pratiknyo H, Setyowati EA. 2020. Short Communication: The diversity of termites along the altitudinal gradient in a Karst Area of Southern Gombong, Central Java, Indonesia. Biodiversitas 21: 1730-1734. A karst area of Southern Gombong at altitudes of 0-500 m has a porous substrate whose soil content decreases as the altitude gets higher toward the top of the hill. This area is characterized by poor soil nutrient, but it has high CaCO3 and pH, which is not a favorable habitat for many species of termites which depend on soil substrate, as source of nutrient for community development, especially soil-feeding termites, as habitat for fungi as secondary daily diet, and as a stabilizer of the nest humidity. The aims of this research were to determine the diversity of termites along the altitudinal gradient in this karst area, and to determine the correlation between altitude and the termite diversity. The area was divided into 5 segments based on the altitudes, i.e., 0-100 m, 100-200 m, 200-300 m, 300-400 m, and 400-500 m. In each segment, a transect belt, 100 m long and 2 m wide, was made. Each transect was divided into 20 sections. Termites were sampled from living trees, branches, bark, litter and soil for 30 minutes per person in each section. The data were analyzed to determine the Shannon-Wienner diversity index (H¢), Shannon-Evenness index (E), and Simpson's Dominance index, and to find the correlation between the species diversity and altitude. The results showed that the termite diversity in the study site was low. Only four termite species were found with the indexes of diversity (H’), evenness (E), and dominance (D) of 1.01, 0.73 and 0.44 respectively. There was no linear correlation between termite diversity and altitude; the highest diversity was found in the middle altitudes, following the mid-domain effect model.
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