No abstract

We reveal the molecular and virological characteristics of DENV in Purwokerto, Banyumas regency, Central Java. The genotype and phylogenetic analyses indicate the endemicity of the circulating DENV in the city. Our serotype and genotype data provide references for future dengue molecular epidemiology studies and disease management in the region.

The endosymbiotic bacterium Wolbachia pipientis infects many species of insects and has been transinfected into the mosquito Aedes aegypti (L.), the primary vector of dengue virus (DENV). Recently, it has been shown that Wolbachia blocks the replication and transmission of RNA viruses, such as DENV, in a number of mosquito species including Ae. aegypti and Aedes albopictus (Skuse), which is naturally infected with Wolbachia and considered a secondary vector for DENV. The mosquito species Aedes notoscriptus (Skuse) is highly prevalent in Australia, including in areas where DENV outbreaks have been recorded. The mosquito has been implicated in the transmission of Ross River and Barmah Forest viruses, but not DENV. We investigated whether Wolbachia naturally infects this mosquito species and whether it has an impact on the ability of Ae. notoscriptus to transmit DENV. We show, for the first time, that Ae. notoscriptus is naturally infected with a strain of Wolbachia that belongs to supergroup B and is localized only in the ovaries. However, Wolbachia infection in Ae. notoscriptus did not induce resistance to DENV and had no effect on overall DENV infection rate or titer. The presence of a native Wolbachia in Ae. notoscriptus cannot explain why this mosquito is an ineffective vector of DENV.

Lymphatic filariasis is a disease caused by the filarial worm Wuchereria brancofti, Brugia malayi, and Brugia timori that attack lymph and lymph nodes. Cx. quinquefasciatus is a vector of filarial bancroftiin urban area. Subdistrict Cisayong as endemic filariasis area with microfilaria rate in> 1%. Elimination of Filariasis in Indonesia was done in two methods such as filariasis mass drug administration in endemic areas and vectorcontrol. Vector control and potential transmission of filariasis needs some information including infection rate, parity rate and density of Culex larvae. The purpose of research are to observe the spesies of Culex mosquitoes, infection rate, parousitas, and density of Culex mosquito larvae.The method is a survey method using cluster sampling method. The cluster in this research are 39 RT in Cisayong village. Mosquitoes was catched from 9 groups (RT) which is elected. Sampling was conducted in the night at 18:00 to 00:00 pm.The results shows that the spesiesof Culex were catched in Cisayong including Cx. quinquefasciatus, Cx. hutchinsoni, Cx. sitiens, Cx. vishnui, Cx. pseudovishnui, Cx. tritaeniorinchus AbstrakFilariasis limfatik merupakan penyakit disebabkan oleh cacing filaria Wuchereria brancofti, Brugia malayi, dan Brugia timori yang menyerang saluran dan kelenjar getah bening. Cx. quinquefasciatus merupakan vektor filariasis bancrofti di daerah urban. Kecamatan Cisayong endemis filariasis dengan Microfilaria rate >1%. Eliminasi filariasis di Indonesia ditetapkan dua pilar kegiatan yaitu pemberian obat massal pencegahan filariasis (POMP filariasis) di daerah endemis dan pengendalian vektor. Pengendalian vektor dan potensi vektor dalam penularan filariasis dapat diketahui melalui berbagai hal diantaranya dengan mengetahui spesies Culex, angka infeksi, parousitas dan kepadatan larva Culex.Tujuan penelitian yaitu mengetahui spesies nyamuk Culex, infection rate, parousitas, dan kepadatan larva nyamuk Culex. Metode yang digunakan dalam penelitian ini yaitu metode survei dengan teknik cluster sampling. Kelompok (Cluster) dalam penelitian ini yaitu RT berjumlah 39 RT yang ada di Desa Cisayong. Penangkapan sampel nyamuk dilakukan di 9 kelompok (RT) yang terpilih. Pengambilan sampel dilakukan pada malam hari pukul 18.00-00.00 WIB. Hasil penelitan menujukkan bahwa spesies Culex yang ditangkap di Desa Cisayog diantaranya Cx. quinquefasciatus, Cx. hutchinsoni , Cx. sitiens , Cx. vishnui , Cx. pseudovishnui , Cx. tritaeniorhynchus dan Cx. gelidus, infection rate 0%, sementara itu, parousitasCx. quinquefasciatus 66%, Cx. hutchinsoni 17%, Cx. sitiens 68%, Cx. vishnui 55%, Cx. pseudovishnui 21%, Cx. tritaeniorhynchus 53%, dan Cx. gelidus 54%. Kepadatan larva Culex sp. yaitu 3,38/cidukan.

Lymphatic filariasis or elephantiasis is a vector borne disease caused by filarial worms that live in the lymph glands and lymph vessels of humans. W. bancrofti is the highest infection (90%) in the world. In urban areas, filariasis bancrofti was transmitted by Culex mosquitoes. Based on the health databases province, the number of people with filariasis in Central Java from 2011 to 2014 did not decline the cases. Based on the health profile of Regency / City in 2014, there are 23 cases of filariasis in Brebes regency, Central Java. One of the filariasis cases were found in the village of Dukuhturi, Bumiayu sub-district, Brebes. The survey of filariasis in Dukuhturi has never been done previously, therefore, this research conducted to observe of the biology of its vector and infection of filariasis in community. Culex sp. can be potentially as a vector is stated in many things, such as if was found microfilariae in the mosquito and the mosquito everbeen bite of the humans blood, it can be detected by the parousity mosquito in its ovaries. The aims of this research are to determine the parity rate of the mosquito, the prevalence of mosquitoes and villagers Dukuhturi were infected by microfilariae, and the density of microfilariae in respondents who infected by microfilariae. This research was conducted by using a survey method with cluster random sampling. Blood sampling performed by the ethical clearance and informed concent. The data were tabulated and analyzed descriptively based parousity of mosquitoes, the prevalence of mosquitoes and human who infected by microfilariae, and density of microfilariae in the human who infected by microfilariae. The result shows that parousity of mosquitoCulex sp. is high (94,45%) but the prevalence either in mosquito and respondent were 0%, so that the density of microfilariae is 0.Keyword: filariasis, parousity, prevalence, dencity of microfilariae. AbstrakFilariasis limfatik atau penyakit kaki gajah merupakan salah satu penyakit tular vektor yang disebabkan oleh cacing filaria yang hidup dalam kelenjar limfa dan saluran limfa manusia. Filariasis limfatik yang disebabkan Wuchereria bancrofti mendominasi hampir 90% infeksi di dunia.Di daerah perkotaan, filariasis bancrofti ditularkan oleh nyamuk Culex.Berdasarkan database kesehatan per Provinsi, jumlah penderita filariasis di Jawa Tegah dari tahun 2011 sampai 2014 tidak mengalami penurunan. Berdasarkan Profil kesehatan Kab/Kota 2014, di Kabupaten Brebes terdapat 23 kasus filariasis.Salah satu kasus filariasis tersebut ditemukan di Desa Dukuhturi, Kecamatan Bumiayu, Kabupaten Brebes yang kemungkinan ditularkan oleh nyamuk Culex sp. Survei mengenai filariasis belum pernah dilakukan di desa tersebut, oleh karena itu dilakukan survei terhadap darah tepi penduduk Desa Dukuhturi dan nyamuk Culex sp. sebagai vektornya. Nyamuk Culex sp. dapat berpotensi sebagai vektor filariasis jika ditemukan mikrofilaria di dalam tubuh nyamuk dan nyamuk pernah menghisap darah manusia, yang dapat diketahui dengan adanya kondisi parous (pernah...

Abstract. Mahmoud HHA, Sastranegara MH, Kusmintarsih ES. 2020. Short Communication: The lifecycle of Neocaridina denticulata and N. palmata in aquariums. Biodiversitas 21: 2396-2402. The study on the life cycle of Neocaridina spp. is important because it plays a major role in the economy and trade between countries. However, there is a lack of sufficient studies on this particular topic. One of the factors that influence Neocaridina spp. life production is its life cycle and the associated water parameters. The objectives of this study were to conduct, observe, and record the life cycle of Neocaridina denticulata and N. palmata and the associated with water parameters (temperature, pH, ammonia, nitrite, and oxygen) in the aquarium. The results showed that there was no difference in the life cycle stages between the two shrimp species. Both species reached the first sexual maturity stage of the life cycle at 75 days, with the maximum body length of the mature shrimp ranging from 2.30-3.00 cm. The eggs became larvae in 15 days, larvae reached the juvenile stage after 60 days, and the juvenile became mature in 15 days. The number of eggs was influenced by the body size of the female shrimps; smaller females produced fewer eggs. Optimal water quality varies by species and must be monitored to ensure growth and survival. The temperature range in this study was 25-28°C and the pH was 6.5-8.0. The ammonia level was in the range between 1.21 and1.72 mg/L, the nitrate was between 0.06 and 7.91 mg/L, and the oxygen was around 5.5-7.9 mg/L. All of the water quality parameters in this study are within the acceptable range for Neocardina cultivation.

Abstract. Mohammed MA, Nuryanto A, Kusmintarsih ES. 2021. Genetic differentiation of dengue vector Aedes aegypti in the small geographical scale of Banyumas District, Indonesia based on Cytochrome Oxidase I. Biodiversitas 22: 675-683. Aedes aegypti (Linnaeus, 1762) is a major vector of arboviruses. Currently, Ae. aegypti is spreading throughout the Banyumas District, Central Java, Indonesia and there is little information regarding the genetic variation of this species, yet the information is essential to develop effective vector control measures. The aims of this study was to evaluate the genetic differentiation of Ae. aegypti populations in South Purwokerto and Cilongok subdistricts. Mosquito larvae were collected using oviposition traps inside houses in South Purwokerto and Cilongok (Jastaba village). Twenty larvae of Ae. aegypti, ten from each location were identified and used for genetic analysis. Analysis of mitochondrial cytochrome Oxidase I (mtCOI) produced around 600 bp fragments, detecting ten haplotypes. The haplotype diversity and nucleotide diversity indices were higher in South Purwokerto samples. Tajima and Fu’s statistics indicated that the sampled populations were in genetic equilibrium. Indices of demographic history were fit for a spatial expansion model. Higher genetic variation was observed within the population compared to between the populations. Furthermore, strong genetic difference was detected between the two populations, with highly significant FS (p < 0.0001). Weak haplotype sharing occurred between the two populations assuming that the gene flow was facilitated by human transportation. All haplotypes were a cluster of single clades and closely related to haplotypes generated from previous studies in Central Java.

Abstract. Artificial blood-feeding using the parafilm-M membrane can be used as an alternative solution andsubstitute live animals as a source of blood. This method is not only be used for blood-feeding but also to infectthe dengue virus (DENV) to mosquitoes. This study was aimed to determine the effectiveness artificial bloodfeeding using parafilm-M membrane in Aedes mosquitoes originated in Indonesia and determine the positivityof mosquitoes infected by Indonesia DENV-1. DENV-1 was isolated from patient and propagated in Vero cellculture. The feeding was done in cardboard cups after mosquitos have been starved for 4-17 hours before beingfed with human blood. A conical 50ml tube was prepared, and a hole was created in the tube lid. The tubeopening was covered with parafilm. Glycerol was added into conical tube and heated in water bath for an hourat 55oC. A mixture of blood and DENV-1 was made with concentration of 10%. Detection of DENV in bloodfedmosquitos was carried out by using Simplexa Dengue Real-Time RT-PCR assay. The results showed thatthe prevalence of blood-fed mosquitoes reached 66.67% with fasting period for 17 hours. Blood feedingmosquitoes are affected by duration of fasting period, blood-feeding time, and attractants from human skinrubbed into parafilm-M membrane. The prevalence of blood-fed Ae. aegypti infected by DENV was 20.83%.This study provides information on the effectiveness of artificial parafilm membrane blood-feeding in alaboratory setting that will be useful for vector control study in Indonesia.