Background: Ectopic pregnancy (EP) has been reported to occur in 1.4-5.4% of all clinical pregnancies resulting from in vitro fertilization (IVF) and embryo transfer (ET). Data on factors associated with abnormal embryo implantation following assisted conception are limited. Materials and methods: A systematic review and meta-analysis was performed to determine whether there is an association between the day (cleavage-stage, D3, versus blastocyst, D5) or the type (fresh versus frozen/thawed) of ET and EP rate. Risk factors for EP were evaluated in a retrospective study of 1194 women, who achieved pregnancy at our IVF unit between 2010 and 2016. Results: Sixteen papers were considered for the meta-analysis. EP rate did not differ between D3 and D5 fresh ET groups (RR ¼ 0.99, 95%CI: 0.76-1.30) and was higher after fresh versus frozen ET (RR ¼ 1.56, 95%CI: 1.25-1.95). At our clinic, 21 (1.76%) pregnancies were documented as ectopic. The risk of EP was associated with tubal pathology (OR ¼ 3.37, 95%CI: 1.39-8.2), previous appendectomy and past chlamydial infection. Conclusions: Present meta-analysis suggests that EP rate is similar following fresh blastocyst and cleavage ETs, but is significantly reduced after frozen compared with fresh ET. Our own findings demonstrate that tubal pathology has the major impact on EP occurrence following assisted conception.

AbstractsBackground: Implantation failure of in vitro fertilization (IVF) cycles is recognized as one of key problems in contemporary reproductive medicine. Implantation itself is a multifactorial process and one can hardly expect to find a single criterion for the endometrium receptivity. Endometrium biopsy still remains the most applicable technique to diagnose abnormalities causing decrease or complete loss of endometrial receptivity. Materials and methods: We have studied 95 endometrial biopsy samples from 45 patient with I/

Effect of specific scavengers of reactive oxygen species on free-radical oxidation is studied in central and peripheral zones of the placenta from preterm delivering women (32-36 weeks) using the chemiluminescence method. A lower contribution of hypochlorite into free-radical processes and a reduced content of nonprotein SH-groups in the placenta are observed, superoxide dismutase, catalase, and total antioxidant activity being unchanged. It can be assumed that the reduced contribution of hypochlorite into free-radical processes is partially responsible for impaired antimicrobial barrier between mother and fetus in preterm labor.Placental insufficiency is largely responsible for premature labor and fetal abnormalities. An important role in the pathogenesis of premature labor is played by free-radical oxidation (FRO) in the placenta, impairing the structure and permeability of cell membranes [1,5]. These destructive processes result from the imbalance between the intensity of FRO and efficiency of the antioxidant defense system and can be caused by a number of factors, in particular, endocrine insufficiency and fetal hypoxia due to impaired oxygen supply.Mechanisms of generation of reactive oxygen species and activity of the antioxidant defense system of different placental zones in women with normal and abnormal (premature labor) pregnancy remain poorly understood.In light of this, chemiluminescence technique in combination with other methodical approaches allows one to evaluate the role of free radicals in FRO and activity of antioxidant defense system in placental tissue in women with normal and abnormal (preterm labor) pregnancy. MATERIALS AND METHODSPlacentae were obtained from women with norlnal pregnancy and term labor and from women with

Ecological reproductology is a field of medical knowledge the subject of which is the study of ecology-dependent adaptive and pathologic reactions of human reproductive function. The system of bioecological diagnostics of the environment by means of the womans reproductive function indices allows to form a reliable information ground for taking administrative decisions and to prevent some of reproductive losses, to preserve and improve health of the woman and her posterity.

Structural transformation of the endometrium during the menstrual cycle is a genetically determined process and is provided by complex molecular-biological interactions aimed at the onset and development of pregnancy. Sex steroid hormones play a key role in endometrial morphogenesis, which mediate or directly affect angiogenesis and immunogenesis.

Iron deficiency anemia (IDA) is a very common pathological condition during pregnancy and the postpartum period. In the structure of hematological diseases in pregnant women, anemias account for about 90% and in most cases are iron deficient [3, 17, 19]. In the third trimester of pregnancy and in the early postpartum period, almost every woman has a latent iron deficiency, and 3040% develop IDA [4, 15, 16, 20, 26]. According to the Ministry of Health of the Russian Federation, the frequency of IDA in Russia has increased 6.3 times over the past ten years, and in St. Petersburg - almost 2 times. The development of anemia during pregnancy is due to an imbalance of iron in the body and is associated with its increased costs for creating a fetoplacental complex, an increase in iron metabolism and a redistribution of this trace element in favor of the fetus. Iron deficiency in the body of pregnant women and women in childbirth is associated with inadequate replacement of losses due to alimentary and mobilized iron.

This review presents literature data on the role of melatonin in regulating the composition of the microbiota and on the variety of functions it performs that are synchronized with the circadian rhythm of vital activity of the body. During pregnancy, the restructuring of the intestinal, vaginal and placental microbiota is provided by a significant increase in the production of epiphyseal melatonin, which contributes to the creation of optimal conditions for the development of microflora in early ontogenesis. In the absence of circadian production of melatonin, a pregnant woman retains dysbiosis, which determines the transmission of altered intestinal microflora to the fetus and subsequent metabolic dysregulation in the childs body.

The article presents the analysis of structure and causes maternal mortality in North-Western region of Russia. The rate of maternal mortality is 8,962,7 per 100 000 lifebom infants. The main cors of maternal mortality in areas with high rate of maternal mortality are artifical abortion and bleeding. The ways of decreasing maternal mortality are discussed in this article.