Deciding on which phytosanitary emergency measures shall be applied in a delimited area is associated with many difficulties. Compulsory measures may strongly affect citizens, municipalities, nurseries and other third parties involved. Studies carried out in the Marche region (Central‐Eastern Italy) during 2007–10 aimed to limit the spread of Rhynchophorus ferrugineus (red palm weevil) in a demarcated area, according to EU Decision 2007/365/EC. The efficacy of several tools, which may be included into an integrated pest management (IPM) strategy for R. ferrugineus control (pest survey, mass trapping, integrated approach based on spherical pruning plus application of chemical insecticides and biological control agents for curative treatment of already infested plants) was evaluated. All methods tested proved to be promising tools for IPM of R. ferrugineus. A detailed description is provided of the compulsory measures applied in the Marche region and the experimental trials on IPM control tools.
The recovery of the boron implantation damage can be very difficult. Depending on the energy and the dose many dislocations are generated at the projected range of the boron implantation. The morphology of these dislocations depends on the silicon substrate. In this work we demonstrate that the interstitial oxygen concentration ([Oi]) is related with the dislocation dimension, density end morphology. Particularly long dislocation dipoles were generated by the boron implantation in substrate with interstitial oxygen, and their density is connected with the [Oi] concentration.
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