Analysis of the spread of Rhynchophorus ferrugineus in an urban area, using GIS techniques: a study case in Central Italy

Multiple Aspects of the Fight against the Red Palm Weevil in an Urban Area: Study Case, San Benedetto del Tronto (Central Italy)

“…The municipality of San Benedetto del Tronto, on the Adriatic coast of Central Italy (Figure 1), has a Mediterranean bioclimate (upper Meso-Mediterranean thermotype) [44] with annual rainfall and temperature averages of 551 mm and 15.8 • C, respectively, dry summers with average temperatures of 24 previous period we studied, 2007-2012 [41], using available remote sensing images, field surveys, and GIS. Moreover, we predict the potential adverse health effects that may result from exposure to chemicals used for RPW control by carrying out a system toxicology analysis.…”

“…The municipality of San Benedetto del Tronto, on the Adriatic coast of Central Italy (Figure 1), has a Mediterranean bioclimate (upper Meso-Mediterranean thermotype) [44] with annual rainfall and temperature averages of 551 mm and 15.8 °C, respectively, dry summers with average temperatures of 24 °C, and rainy and moderately cold winters with average temperatures of 7 °C [45]. At the end of 2020, all the Phoenix canariensis palm trees in San Benedetto del Tronto municipality were re-assessed and re-classified in terms of contagion (health, dead, infested), starting from the map generated from the July 2007 to July 2013 study of RPW distribution [41], through aerial photos of Google Earth time series, Google Street View time series, and subsequent field surveys.…”

“…It was therefore possible to classify the palms in terms of treatment (treated or untreated) and to estimate the quantities and types of pesticides used. At the end of 2020, all the Phoenix canariensis palm trees in San Benedetto del Tronto municipality were re-assessed and re-classified in terms of contagion (health, dead, infested), starting from the map generated from the July 2007 to July 2013 study of RPW distribution [41], through aerial photos of Google Earth time series, Google Street View time series, and subsequent field surveys.…”

“…In this regard, space or aerial surveys of palms offer a practical alternative. Sequential photo-surveillance from satellites [ 41 ] or drones [ 2 ] can be used to monitor the evolution of this pest and allow for the quantification of pest spread patterns and palm tree mortality rates [ 42 , 43 ]. In this paper, we present the evolution of the RPW spread (at 2020) in the San Benedetto del Tronto municipality (known as the Palm Tree Coast) with respect to the previous period we studied, 2007–2012 [ 41 ], using available remote sensing images, field surveys, and GIS.…”

Spatial and temporal patterns of rice planthopper populations in South and Southwest China

“…Many methodologies have been applied to describe the spatial and temporal patterns of pests. Among them, the most commonly used approaches are tracking the evolution of infestation distribution over time (Bayles et al, 2017;Cinnirella et al, 2020;Lausch et al, 2013;Ndjomatchoua et al, 2016;Reay-Jones et al, 2010), quantifying spatial autocorrelation (Blackshaw and Hicks, 2013;Bone et al, 2013;Cinnirella et al, 2020;Cocu et al, 2005;Smith et al, 2004;Ward et al, 2019), and employing geostatistical techniques (Pereira et al, 2019;Ribeiro et al, 2020;Rogers et al, 2015;Wright et al, 2002). Although above mentioned methodologies of spatial analysis have been applied to various types of insect pests and crops (Blackshaw and Hicks, 2013;Bone et al, 2013;Cinnirella et al, 2020;Cocu et al, 2005;Diaz et al, 2012;Lausch et al, 2013;Ndjomatchoua et al, 2016;Pereira et al, 2019;Reay-Jones et al, 2010;Ribeiro et al, 2020;Rogers et al, 2015;Smith et al, 2004;Ward et al, 2019;Wright et al, 2002), no studies have investigated the spatial and temporal patterns of RPH population using wide range data.…”