: Diabetic foot ulcer infection is a crucial complication associated with lower-limb amputation and postoperative mortality in individuals with diabetes mellitus. Deciding if a diabetic foot ulcer is infected in a community setting is challenging without validated point-of-care tests. Early detection of infected diabetic foot ulcers can reduce the frequency of hospitalizations, the occurrence of disability, and chances of mortality. Inflammatory biomarkers are predictors of infected diabetic foot ulcers and lower-limb amputation. Procalcitonin, CRP, pentraxin-3, interleukin-6, and calprotectin may help to distinguish uninfected from mildly infected diabetic foot ulcers and diagnose soft tissue infections, bone lesions, and sepsis in diabetic patients. Moreover, these biomarkers may be predictors of lower-limb amputation and postoperative mortality. The current management of infected diabetic foot ulcers is disappointing and unsatisfactory, both in preventing its development and in halting and modifying its progression. The use of new (molecular) techniques for the identification of the IDFU have not yet proven superior to classic cultural techniques for the management of such patients. For clinicians, if the risk stratification of DFU can be obtained earlier in diabetic patients the hospitalization, disability, and mortality rate will be reduced. For practical application of these biomarkers, it is important to correlate these quantitative parameters with clinical symptoms. Based on clinical observations and inflammatory biomarker evaluation, it can be used to guide clinical treatment methods. This review details clinical information published during the past several decades and discusses inflammatory biomarkers that may determine the risk and level of infection of diabetic foot ulcers.

Objective: The epidemiological features of the cervical cancer (CC) incidence and its spatial and temporal assessment in Kazakhstan were studied. Methods: The retrospective study was done for the period 2009-2018. Descriptive and analytical methods of oncoepidemiology were used. Results: During the study period, 16,441 new cases of CC were registered. The average annual crude and age-standardized incidence rate were 18.6±0.5 and 17.7±0.4 cases per 100,000 population of female, respectively, and their trends tended to increase (Т up =+2.3%; R 2 =0.708 and Т up =+1.9%; R 2 =0.615, respectively). The analysis of ASIR showed unimodal growth with a peak at 50-54 years -45.3±1.1 cases per 100,000 population of female. Trends of ASIR decreased up to 30 years (T down =−1.8%; R 2 =0.111) and 35-59 years (T down =−0.9%; R 2 =0.103), in other age groups the trends increased, and were most pronounced in 40-44 (Т up =+4.1%; R 2 =0.878) and 65-69 years (Т up =+4.4%; R 2 =0.537). Trends in ASR of СС tended to grow in almost all regions, with higher levels in Mangystau (Т up =+4.1%; R 2 =0.482) and Aktobe (Т up =+6.3%; R 2 =0.846) regions. The cartograms of ASR per 100,000 population of female were allocated according to the following criteria: low -up to 16.3, averagefrom 16.3 to 19.2, high -above 19.2. The results of the spatial analysis showed the regions with a higher levels of CC incidence rate per 100,000 population of female: East Kazakhstan (19.8), Aktobe (20.0), Almaty (20.1), Kostanay region (20.9), Atyrau (21.7) regions and Almaty city (22.0). Conclusion: The study of trends of the cervical cancer incidence has the theoretical and practical value: monitoring and evaluation of screening programmes, which are implemented in the country, and conduction of secondary prevention of cervical pathology. Health authorities should consider the obtained results in the in the organization of anti-cancer activities.

Background and objective: Colorectal cancer (CRC) remains one of the most widespread human malignancies. The aim of this study was to study trends of the incidence of CRC in Kazakhstan. Materials and Method: This retrospective study was done using descriptive and analytical methods of oncoepidemiology. Results: During the study period from 2009 to 2018, 28,950 new cases of CRC were recorded, 13,779 (47.6%) cases were allocated to men and 15,171 (52.4%) to women. It was found that the incidence rate of CRC increased from 14.79 (2009) to 17.72 in 2018 and the overall growth was 2.93 cases per 100,000. This increase was due to the age structure -∑Δ A =+1.42, the risk of acquiring illness -∑Δ R =+1.31, and their combined effect -∑Δ RA =+0.20. The component analysis results revealed that the increase in the number of patients with CRC was mainly due to the growth of the population (ΔP=+37.7%), changes in age structure (Δ A =+26.6%), and changes associated with the risk of acquiring illness (Δ R =+24.6%). The number of patients (both sexes) was increasing in many regions largely due to the influence of the age structure of the population. In addition, it was found that growth in the number of patients in most regions, both men and women, was associated primarily with the risk of acquiring illness. Conclusion: The findings of the current study showed increasing trends in the incidence of CRC in all regions of the country. These changes were mainly influenced by demographic factors (population size and age structure), risk of acquiring the disease, and their combined effect.

BACKGROUND: Erythropoietin (EPO) is the main stimulator of erythropoiesis, but EPO also has non-hematopoietic effects. The recent data show the positive effects of EPO on tissue regeneration. AIM: This review aims to know highlights the pathophysiological mechanisms of EPO at different stages of tissue regeneration, and possible clinical applications in wound healing. METHODS: A review of the literature considering reviews, clinical studies, original papers, and articles from electronic data has been used. RESULTS: Analysis of animal studies and several clinical trials using EPO in context of wound healing revealed that EPO has a positive effect on all stages of regeneration process and may be a promising therapeutic strategy for the treatment of chronic wounds. CONCLUSION: An improved understanding of the functions and regulatory mechanisms of EPO in the context of wound healing may lead to new considerations of this growth hormone for its regular clinical application in patients.

Background: The International Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC) reports that 567,000 new cases of thyroid cancer (TC) were registered in the world in 2018, and the age-standardized incidence rate was 6.7 per 100,000. The Global Cancer Observation forecasts a 35% growth in the number of new cases worldwide by 2040. The number of patients with TC in Kazakhstan is also increasing steadily. This investigation was the first epidemiological study of TC trends by component analysis among the population of Kazakhstan. This paper presents the results of the component analysis of TC incidence trends in Kazakhstan. Methods: The study covers primary data of TC cases (ICD 10-C73) registered throughout Kazakhstan from 2009 to 2018. TC incidence trends were evaluated using component analysis according to the methodological recommendations. Results: 5,559 new TC cases were registered during the 10-year study period. The average age of patients was 52.0±0.2 years, the average annual age-standardized rate in 2009-2018 was 3.3±0.2 0 / 0000 , with a constant upward trend (Т=+6.6%). According to the component analysis results, the increase in incidence was mainly due to the combined effect of the two factors: the increased disease risk (Δ R =+61.7%), and the population growth (Δ P =+15.4%). Conclusion: The noted increase in incidence was mainly caused by the changes in risk factors, such as the worsening environmental aspects and the increase in detection of clinically non-manifesting cases. The results of the study shall be taken into account when planning anticancer activities for TC.

Thyroid cancer (TC) is the most wide spread malignant tumor of the endocrine glands. According to the International Agency for Research on Cancer, more than 586,200 new cases of TC were registered in the world in 2020. However spatial arrangement of this disease indicates a different distribution of this pathology all over the world. The aim to assess the peculiarities of the incidence of TC in Kazakhstan. Materials and methods. The study was retrospective – the study period was 10 years (2009-2018). The material for the study was data of new cases of TC. In the research were used descriptive and analytical methods of oncoepidemiology. Results and discussion. We found out that the average age of patients with TC in women (51.8±0.2 years) were less than in men (53.2±0.5 years). The crude rate and standardized incidence rates in women (5.4±0.40/0000 and 5.1±0.370/0000, respectively) were higher than in men (0.9±0.10/0000 and 1.1±0.10/0000, respectively). Age-related indicators of the incidence of TC were characterized by a peak in 60-69 years – 4.21±0.200/0000 in men and 15.37±1.210/0000 in women. Trends in morbidity tended to increase in both women (Tg=+7.8%) and men (Tg=+5.0%). Conclusion: Age and gender features of TC incidence were established in the whole country. The obtained data are recommended for use in planning anti-cancer activities. Key words: thyroid cancer, incidence, Kazakhstan.

Nonspecific ulcerative colitis is a chronic inflammatory bowel disease of an immune nature with frequent localization in the large intestine. A pattern is noted that in the northern and western continents they suffer more often than in Asia. To identify risk factors in a population, epidemiological studies must firstly assess the incidence of disease. Aim. To study the trends of nonspecific ulcerative colitis (NUC) incidence in Kazakhstan. Material and methods. The research material was compiled summary reporting form number 12 of the Ministries and the Health of the Republic of Kazakhstan on new cases of nonspecific ulcerative colitis (ICD-10 – K51), established for the first time. A retrospective study was used as the main method for studying the incidence of NUC. According to generally accepted methods of biomedical statistics, extensive, intensive and equalized indicators of the incidence of NUC were calculated. Results and discussion. For 2013-2018 14,079 new cases of NUC were registered in the republic, of which 15 were in children – 15.3%, teenagers – 4.8% and adults – 79.8%. The average annual incidence rate of NUC in the entire population of Kazakhstan was 13.5±2.10/0000 (95% CI=9.4-17.50/0000), and for population groups having been studied was: in children – 7.2±2.10/0000 (95%CI=3.8-12.00/0000), among teenagers – 18.7±5.00/0000 (95% CI=9.0-28.50/0000) and the adult population 15.4±1.90/0000 (95% CI=11.8-19.10/0000). The difference in morbidity between groups was statistically significant. Disease tended to decrease in all age groups: in the adult population (Т=−12.3%), children (Т=−43.7%) and in adolescents (T=-50.1%). Conclusion. According to the dynamics, NUC incidence in Kazakhstan has a decreased tendency due to the child and adolescent population. The results obtained are recommended to be taken into account by health authorities when making managerial decisions. Keywords: nonspecific ulcerative colitis, morbidity, trends, Kazakhstan.

Erythropoietin is the main stimulator of erythropoiesis, but erythropoietin also has non-hematopoietic effects. The recent data show the positive effects of erythropoietin on tissue regeneration. This review highlights the pathophysiological mechanisms of erythropoietin at different stages of tissue regeneration, and possible clinical applications in wound healing. Aim. Study of the world experience of using erythropoietin for the treatment of experimental wounds and the experience of clinical use for the treatment of patients with chronic wounds. Material and methods. The literature was searched in the databases: Pubmed, EMBASE and Google Scholar using the keywords: "Erythropoietin", "EPO", "wounds", "wound treatment", "VEGF", "re-epithelialization", "skin". The search depth was 20 years. When compiling a search strategy, the use of the title of articles, abstracts, as well as conference materials in English, Russian, Kazakh languages was used. Experimental original articles, narrative reviews were included in this review. Results and discussion. To date, there is a sufficient amount of experimental data confirming the effectiveness of EPO on the pathomorphological processes of skin wound healing, but it is still impossible to determine a single mechanism or cellular function that could be responsible for the ability of tissue regeneration mediated by EPO. Conclusion. Research into the ability of erythropoietin to improve tissue regeneration may lead to new insights into this growth hormone for its regular clinical use in patients. Key words: EPO, wound healing, VEGF, reepithelization, skin.