Plasma and tissue concentrations of total, (+)- and (-)-gossypol were determined in broilers fed cottonseed meals (CSM) from eight oil mills (five expander solvent, two expeller, and one direct solvent). Free gossypol in the meals ranged from 0.033 to 0.180%, and total gossypol ranged from 0.974 to 1.459%. The (+)-enantiomer of gossypol varied from 53.8 to 61.3% of total gossypol. Eight CSM diets containing 28% CSM and a soybean meal control diet were fed to 162 1-d-old male broiler chicks during a 3-wk starter period. Concentrations of free gossypol in the CSM diets ranged from 92 to 504 microg/g, and total gossypol ranged from 2,626 to 4,085 microg/g. All diets were formulated with the same concentrations of digestible lysine and methionine and were fed ad libitum. At 21 d of age, there were no significant differences in body weights, feed conversions, or mortality of birds fed the CSM diets when compared to birds fed the soybean meal diet. Concentrations of (+)- and (-)-gossypol in plasma, liver, kidney, and muscle increased linearly as the level of free gossypol increased in the diets. Liver had the highest concentration of total gossypol (71.4 to 313.6 microg/g DM) followed by kidney (9.2 to 36.3 microg/g DM), plasma (3.0 to 14.6 microg/mL), and muscle (2.1 to 9.8 microg/g DM). The proportion of (-)-gossypol was higher in plasma (26.7%) and kidney (25.6%) than in muscle (19.1%) and liver (16.0%). Performance data from this study indicate CSM can be used successfully in chick starter diets at levels up to 28% when diets are formulated on a digestible amino acid basis.
This experiment was designed to evaluate the use of expander cottonseed meal (CSM) in broiler diets formulated on a digestible amino acid basis and to determine the tissue distribution of gossypol enantiomers and their relationship to gossypol consumption. Gossypol is an antinutritional polyphenolic pigment found in cottonseed. A total of 800 1-d-old broilers (Arbor Acres) was randomly divided into 40 groups of 20 birds each and placed in a broiler house with wood shavings litter. The CSM was included in starter and grower diets at 0, 7, 14, 21, and 28% of the diet. Diets were formulated to have similar levels of digestible methionine and lysine as the 0% CSM control diet. At 21 d of age, five birds per pen were randomly selected for the determination of gossypol enantiomers in plasma, liver, heart, and breast muscle. Tissues were again collected at 42 d of age. Results of this experiment indicated that at 21 d of age cumulative body weight and feed-to-BW ratios of birds fed CSM diets were not significantly different from the control. By 35 d of age, feed-to-BW ratios of experimental birds fed the 28% CSM diet were significantly greater than the control birds, and by 42 d, BW were lower than those of the control group. Tissue concentrations of total, (+) and (-) gossypol increased linearly as the level of CSM increased. At 42 d, liver had the most gossypol with a ratio of 87% (+) gossypol to 13% (-) gossypol. Plasma contained 73% (+) gossypol and 27% (-) gossypol. Heart contained 45% (+) gossypol and 55% (-) gossypol. Breast muscle had the least gossypol. Results of this experiment indicated that expander solvent CSM could be fed to broilers at up to 21% of the total diet if amino acid digestibility was considered.
Resumen La lúcuma es una fruta que experimenta una tendencia creciente a nivel comercial en forma de harina para su empleo en la industria alimentaria. Este estudio tuvo como objetivo obtener harina de lúcuma utilizando el método de secado por ventana refractante y evaluar el efecto del espesor de la pulpa de lúcuma y el tiempo de secado en la humedad y el color de la harina. Fue utilizado un Diseño Compuesto Central Rotable (DCCR) con el tiempo entre 10 y 50 min y el espesor entre 1 y 3 mm. Se empleó una temperatura fija de 95°C y lámina mylar (polietileno de tereftalato metalizado) como película refractante de 0,1 mm. Se determinó que las condiciones ideales para obtener harina de lúcuma (9,8% de humedad) con esta técnica se da cuando el espesor fue 1,3 mm y con un tiempo de 15 minutos; a estas condiciones la difusividad efectiva del agua es de 2,53E-7 m 2 /s.
Recibido 10 octubre 2013. Aceptado 5 de diciembre 2013. RESUMEN Se evaluó el rendimiento de dos tipos de recubrimientos (almidón y pectina) en términos de transferencia de masa durante la deshidratación osmótica del olluco; a la vez se determinó la mejor concentración de cloruro de sodio y sacarosa para el proceso a temperatura ambiente (22°C). Para este fin se aplicó un diseño de mezclas Simplex con Centroide Ampliado. Se utilizaron láminas de olluco de 0,5 cm de espesor. Se evaluaron el porcentaje de humedad y ganancia de sólidos para diferentes tiempos durante 48 horas. Haciendo uso del modelo de Crank se determinó la difusividad efectiva del agua y de los sólidos. Se determinó que el recubrimiento con pectina genera menor ganancia de sólidos y menor deshidratación en comparación con las muestras sin recubrimiento y con recubrimiento de almidón, las que tuvieron similar comportamiento; se encontró también que las soluciones con mayor contenido de sal respecto a la sacarosa, deshidratan en mayor proporción sin embargo generaron mayor ganancia de sólidos. Las difusividades efectivas promedio encontradas para el agua fueron: 8,09x10 -8 m 2 /s con recubrimiento de pectina, 9,69x10 -8 m 2 /s con recubrimiento de almidón y 9,72x10 -8 m 2 /s para muestras sin recubrimiento; para los sólidos, 6,96x10 -8 m 2 /s con recubrimiento de pectina, 8,31x10 -8 m 2 /s con recubrimiento de almidón y 8,33x10 -8 m 2 /s para muestras sin recubrimiento. ABSTRACTThe performance of two kinds of coating (starch and pectin) in terms of mass transfer during osmotic dehydration olluco was evaluated; at once determined the best concentration of sodium chloride and sucrose with or without cover for the process in ambient temperature (22°C). For this purpose a design applied with Centroid Simplex Expanded mixtures. Olluco sheets were used for 0.5 cm thick. The percentage of moisture and solid gain were evaluated for different times during 48 hours. Using Crank model the effective diffusivity of water and solids were determined. It was determined that the pectin cover generated minor solids increase and minor dehydration in compare with the others treatments, these were similar behavior, also was found the solution of more contained salt produced more solids increase, while that solutions of more contained of sugar dehydrated in more proportion. The average effective diffusivities found for the water were: 8.09x10 -8 m 2 /s coated pectin, 9.69x10 -8 m 2 /s coated starch and 9.72x10 -8 m 2 /s for uncoated samples; for solids, 6.96x10 -8 m 2 /s for coated pectin, and 8.31x10 -8 m 2 /s for coated starch, and 8.33x10 -8 m 2 /s for uncoated samples.
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