The aim of this study was to build a model to predict the beef marbling using HSI and Partial Least Squares Regression (PLSR). Totally 58 samples of longissmus dorsi muscle were scanned by a HSI system (400 -1000 nm) in reflectance mode, using 44 samples to build the PLSR model and 14 samples to model validation. The Japanese Beef Marbling Standard (BMS) was used as reference by 15 middle-trained judges for the samples evaluation. The scores were assigned as continuous values and varied from 1.2 to 5.3 BMS. The PLSR model showed a high correlation coefficient in the prediction (r = 0.95), a low Standard Error of Calibration (SEC) of 0.2 BMS score, and a low Standard Error of Prediction (SEP) of 0.3 BMS score.
The behavioral analysis of carrier materials in supercritical carbon dioxide (CO 2) is important for particle formation applications. In this work, the behavior of modified starches (Hi-Cap 100, Purity Gum Ultra, and Fluidex) in supercritical CO 2 at 15 MPa and 60°C is studied. Morphology and size profile of starch particles before and after contact with supercritical CO 2 and their solubility and volumetric expansion in supercritical CO 2 are analyzed. Morphology and size profiles of starch particles show physical changes; Purity Gum Ultra and Fluidex particularly show incremental changes in particle size. Solubility values for Hi-Cap 100 and Purity Gum Ultra are 0.06 g/kg of CO 2 ; for Fluidex it is 0.14 g/kg of CO 2. No volumetric expansion of pure starches mixed with ethanol is visibly detected; alterations are observed only in starches mixed with hydrated ethanol. Although the starches are chemically modified, which gives them hydrophobicity, their interaction with supercritical CO 2 is minimal.
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