Ethnobotany surveys show that papaya seeds are widely used as herbs for the management of some diseases such as abdominal discomfort, pain, malaria, diabetes, obesity, and
ABSTRAK: Pada beberapa tahun terakhir banyak dikembangkan model hewan diabetes mellitus untuk memahami patogenesis, komplikasi, dan pengaruh genetik yang meningkatkan risiko diabetes mellitus tipe 2, baik dengan menggunakan bahan kimia maupun dengan modifikasi secara genetik termasuk tikus knockout transgenik, umum, dan knockout spesifik jaringan. Dalam penelitian ini model hewan diabetes mellitus tipe 2 dikembangkan melalui metode pendekatan konsumsi gula pada manusia dengan mengacu pada karakteristik kondisi diabetes mellitus tipe 2, penyebab atau mekanisme yang mendasari, serta pertimbangan keuntungan dan kerugian bagi para peneliti dalam penelitian diabetes. Penelitian ini menggunakan 32 ekor hewan coba, diadaptasikan selama 14 hari kemudian dibagi dalam 4 kelompok yaitu kelompok kontrol, kelompok perlakuan yang diberi larutan fruktosa 2, 5, dan 9 g/kgBB selama 56 hari. Hasil uji komparasi menunjukkan bahwa terdapat perbedaan bermakna antar kelompok (p<0,05) pada variabel dosis fruktosa dan gula darah puasa akhir. Dari penelitian ini dapat disimpulkan bahwa pemberian fruktosa secara intragastrik jangka panjang dapat memicu kenaikan glukosa darah puasa pada tikus.Kata Kunci: Model hewan diabetes mellitus; diet tinggi fruktosa; glukosa darah; diabetes ABSTRACT: In recent years a large number of animal models of type 2 diabetes mellitus (DM) have been developed to understand the pathogenesis, complications, and genetic influences that increase the risk of type 2 DM, either by using chemicals or by genetic modification including transgenic knockout mice, general and tissue-specific knockouts. In this experiment, animal models of type 2 DM were developed through high fructose diet that was similar to actual human consumption with approach to the characteristics of type 2 DM, underlying cause or mechanism, and consideration of the advantages and disadvantages for researchers in diabetes research. This study used 32 animals, adapted for 14 days then divided into 4 groups: control group, treatment group given fructose solution 2, 5, and 9 g/kg body weight for 56 days. The comparative test results showed that there were significant differences between groups (p <0.05) in the fructose dose and fasting blood glucose concentration. From this study it can be concluded that long-term intragastric fructose can induce the increase of fasting blood glucose in mice.
A decrease in cholinesterase (chE) enzyme activity is an indicator of pesticide poisoning, especially organophosphate pesticides. The chE activity reduction will result in an increase in the amount of acetylcholine and will bound to muscarinic and nicotinic receptors in the central and peripheral nervous system which can lead to the onset of Alzheimer's disease. However, antioxidant products can slow the progression of Alzheimer's disease by protecting neurons from oxidative stress. Red Beetroot (Beta vulgaris L.) contains betalains and phenolic compounds which act as an antioxidants that are capable of preventing such illness. This study aims to prove the concept that antioxidant compounds in red beetroot juice can increase the chE activity in subjects exposed to organophosphate pesticides. This research is an observational study with an experimental approach. This research used 25 farmers who were exposed to organophosphate pesticides as respondents. They were given 500 ml of beetroot juice twice a day for 2 consecutive months. Cholinesterase levels were measured before and after consuming red beet juice. Measurement of cholinesterase levels was carried out using a kinetic photometric test. This method was developed based on recommendations from the German Society of Clinical Chemistry (DGKC). The results showed that the average of chE (U/L) Level Before Treatment was 8.102 and 8.380 after treatment with a p value 0,62. It can be concluded that there was an increase in the level of cholinesterase but it was not statistically significant. This may be caused by a different response to activity of cholinesterase after consuming beetroot juice in each subjects, age difference, smoking habits, and personal protective equipment.
This study aims to prove that papaya seed extract has the potential to improve muscle cell atrophy in diabetic conditions. Type 2 diabetes mellitus (DM) animal model were made with conditions similar to type 2 DM in humans i.e. with long-term (56 days) high sugar (fructose) consumption. Then, the next 14 days were treated with papaya seed extract at the dose of 100, 200, and 300 mg/kg BW orally. Body weight and blood glucose levels were monitored throughout the study period. At the end of the study, histopathological examination of gastrocnemius skeletal muscle tissue was carried out using hematoxylin-eosin staining and measuring myocyte cell area. Results showed that there is a correlation between blood glucose levels with the area of muscle cells which explains that the decrease in blood glucose levels is in line with the increase in the area of muscle fiber cells. In the diabetic group and the treatment group the dose of 100 mg/kg BW has a smaller area, whereas in the treatment group the dose of 200 and 300 mg/kg BW has an area close to the area of the muscle cell in the normal group. This is supported by the results of measurements of the area of muscle fiber cells observed through cross sections and measured at the end of this study. The treatment group at the dose of 200 and 300 mg/kg BW did not have significant difference (P>0.05) compared to the normal group. It can be concluded that papaya seed extract therapy at the dose of 200 and 300 mg/kg BW on diabetic rats can reduce the fasting blood glucose levels so that it can ameliorate cell atrophy in the diabetic conditions.
Introduction: Noni fruit is one of the plants that is often used in traditional medicine as a medicine for high blood pressure, beriberi, smooth urination, inflammation of the gallbladder, colitis, dysentery, constipation, spleen pain, liver disease, diabetes and back pain. This study aimed to analyze the content of bioactive compounds, antioxidant properties and cytotoxic activity of fermented noni juice and noni juice. Method: Identification of the content of bioactive compounds was carried out using Gas Chromatography (GC), antioxidant activity testing using the DPPH method (2,2-Diphenyl-1 picrylhydrazine) and cytotoxic testing using the Brine Shrimp Lethality Test (BSLT) method. Results: The results showed that the content of phenolic compounds contained in noni juice and fermented noni juice had strong antioxidant properties with the IC50 value for noni juice of 22.23 ppm and for fermented noni juice of 13.95 ppm. Meanwhile, the results of the cytotoxic test of noni juice and fermented noni showed that the LC50 values of 33.26 ppm and 2.25 ppm respectively. Conclusion: It can be concluded that both of these materials have high antioxidant activity and potential as anticancer.
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