COVID-19, a new strain of coronavirus (CoV), was identified in Wuhan, China, in 2019. No specific therapies are available and investigations regarding COVID-19 treatment are lacking. Liu et al. (2020) successfully crystallised the COVID-19 main protease (Mpro), which is a potential drug target. The present study aimed to assess bioactive compounds found in medicinal plants as potential COVID-19 Mpro inhibitors, using a molecular docking study. Molecular docking was performed using Autodock 4.2, with the Lamarckian Genetic Algorithm, to analyse the probability of docking. COVID-19 Mpro was docked with several compounds, and docking was analysed by Autodock 4.2, Pymol version 1.7.4.5 Edu, and Biovia Discovery Studio 4.5. Nelfinavir and lopinavir were used as standards for comparison. The binding energies obtained from the docking of 6LU7 with native ligand, nelfinavir, lopinavir, kaempferol, quercetin, luteolin-7-glucoside, demethoxycurcumin, naringenin, apigenin-7-glucoside, oleuropein, curcumin, catechin, epicatechin-gallate, zingerol, gingerol, and allicin were -8.37, -10.72, -9.41, -8.58, -8.47, -8.17, -7.99, -7.89, -7.83, -7.31, -7.05, -7.24, -6.67, -5.40, -5.38, and -4.03 kcal/mol, respectively. Therefore, nelfinavir and lopinavir may represent potential treatment options, and kaempferol, quercetin, luteolin-7-glucoside, demethoxycurcumin, naringenin, apigenin-7-glucoside, oleuropein, curcumin, catechin, and epicatechin-gallate appeared to have the best potential to act as COVID-19 Mpro inhibitors. However, further research is necessary to investigate their potential medicinal use.

A. Cunn adalah salah satu jenis tanaman pokok yang dikembangkan pada Hutan Tanaman Industri Pulp (HTI) sebagai bahan baku pulp dan kertas. Permasalahan pada jenis tanaman ini, produktivitasnya masih rendah serta daurnya masih panjang. Untuk kesinambungan suplai kayu, maka perusahaan HTI menurunkan daur tanaman dari umur 6 tahun menjadi umur 4-5 tahun agar bahan baku kayu tetap tersedia sesuai kebutuhan Industri. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengkaji dampak penurunan daur terhadap nilai produksi dan sifat kayunya, kondisi ekologis serta aspek sosial. Metode penelitian dilakukan dengan membuat plot sampling pada areal HTI untuk mengamati aspek produksi dan sifat kayunya yang meliputi parameter volume pohon, sifat kayu dan nilai financial sedangkan aspek sosial difokuskan pada serapan tenaga kerja terhadap pengelolaan HTI. Hasil kajian menunjukkan bahwa produksi tertinggi pada umur antara 4 -5 tahun, diindikasikan dengan tercapainya daur teknis dan ekonomis pada umur tersebut. Sedangkan sifat kimia dan dimensi serat kayunya tergolong kualitas I dan II dari umur 4-6 tahun, dengan rendamen tertinggi pada kayu umur 4 tahun. Aspek sosial khususnya penyerapan tenaga kerja menunjukkan nilai terbesar pada daur umur 4 tahun. Berdasakan hasil kajian ini diperoleh bahwa penurunan daur HTI tidak berdampak negatif terhadap pengelolaan hutan lestari. ABSTRACT Keywords: Acacia crassicarpa, decrease of plantation rotation, sustainable forest management Acacia crassicarpaA. Cunn is one among the that developed in industrial timber plantations and used as raw material for pulp and paper industries. Generally this plantation has two main problems, which are low productivity and long time rotation. The problems have made industrial timber plantations reduced the rotation from six years to four and five years to fulfill the requirement for wood intake. The research aims at evaluating the effect of reduction rotation on productivity, wood properties, and financial aspect. This research used sample plots of 0,1 ha for each stand age to observe the aspects of production and properties of wood, and used labor demand approach to observe social and financial aspects. The result showed that the highest productivity rates of occurred at the fourth and fifth years. The wood properties aspect show that the pulp quality of at the age of 4-6 years is classified into the first and second quality class. The social and financial aspects, especially the labor showed that the highest rate demand occurred in the fourth. The result also showed that the reduction of rotation does not have negative effect on the principles of sustainable forest management. A. crassicarpaA. crassicarpa A. crassicarpa ABSTRAK Kata kunci : Hutan tanaman, , lahan gambut, daur

Ethnobotany surveys show that papaya seeds are widely used as herbs for the management of some diseases such as abdominal discomfort, pain, malaria, diabetes, obesity, and

Objective: The aim of this study was conducted to evaluate the neuroprotective role of Solanum betaceum against memory impairment due to chronic cigarette smoke exposure in rat brain. Methods: Adult male albino rats were exposed to cigarette smoke for 28 days, 3 pc cigarette/day, and simultaneously administered with S. betaceum in Groups K2, K3, and K4 (100 mg/kg b.w/day, 200 mg/kg b.w/day, and 400 mg/kg b.w/day), respectively. The level of N-methyl-D-aspartate (NMDA), c-AMP response element binding (CREB) protein, brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF), number of neuron and glial cells, and memory was also measured. Results: S. betaceum administration could prevent from memory impairment significantly (p<0.05) by decreased time to reach the target at Y-Maze and maintained the levels of CREB, BDNF, neuron, and glial cells (microglia, astrocytes, and oligodendrocytes) significantly (p<0.05) but did not significantly decreased NMDA levels (p>0.05). Conclusion: Exposure to cigarette smoke compromised the memory functions. The result of this study shown that administration of S.betaceum could inhibit memory impairment and inhibit the decrease of neuron cells , increase the level of BDNF and number of glia cells including microglia, astrocytes and oligodendrocytes. The mechanism of S. betaceum to prevent memory impairment through activation of CREB (the transcription factor) which further enhances the formation of BDNF (the neurotrophic factors), thus increase activation of the glia cells to protect brain cell damage, thus preventing memory impairment due to cigarette smoke exposure.

Soil microbe inoculation to growth media is expected to improve the seedlings growth. This research aim is to know the fermentation time of EM-4 inoculum which produce the best growth of sengon (Paraserianthes falcataria (L.