Mechanism of Solanum Betaceum to Prevent Memory Impairment in Cigarette Smoke-Exposed Rat

Abstract

Objective: The aim of this study was conducted to evaluate the neuroprotective role of Solanum betaceum against memory impairment due to chronic cigarette smoke exposure in rat brain.
 Methods: Adult male albino rats were exposed to cigarette smoke for 28 days, 3 pc cigarette/day, and simultaneously administered with S. betaceum in Groups K2, K3, and K4 (100 mg/kg b.w/day, 200 mg/kg b.w/day, and 400 mg/kg b.w/day), respectively. The level of N-methyl-D-aspartate (NMDA), c-AMP response element binding (CREB) protein, brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF), number of neuron and glial cells, and memory was also measured.
 Results: S. betaceum administration could prevent from memory impairment significantly (p<0.05) by decreased time to reach the target at Y-Maze and maintained the levels of CREB, BDNF, neuron, and glial cells (microglia, astrocytes, and oligodendrocytes) significantly (p<0.05) but did not significantly decreased NMDA levels (p>0.05).
 Conclusion: Exposure to cigarette smoke compromised the memory functions. The result of this study shown that administration of S.betaceum could inhibit memory impairment and inhibit the decrease of neuron cells , increase the level of BDNF and number of glia cells including microglia, astrocytes and oligodendrocytes. The mechanism of S. betaceum to prevent memory impairment through activation of CREB (the transcription factor) which further enhances the formation of BDNF (the neurotrophic factors), thus increase activation of the glia cells to protect brain cell damage, thus preventing memory impairment due to cigarette smoke exposure.

Atheroprotective Effect of Solanum Betaceum on Rat Exposed to Cigarette Smoke

“…The present study disclosed that administration of S. betaceum ethanol extract on rats exposed to cigarette smoke could prevent the development of atherosclerosis by reducing the level of MDA and degree of cIMT changes in the samples. Phytochemistry screening analysis in previous studies [19] found that the ethanol extract of S. betaceum contains flavonoid, tannin, gallic tannin, and terpenoid which suggested has an important role as atheroprotective in the present study.…”

“…Prior researches have shown that S. betaceum has a neuroprotective effect. The phytochemical component reported to be present in S. betaceum includes flavonoid, tannin, and terpenoid [19].…”

Solanum betaceum Extract as a Protective on Spermatozoa Morphology of Mice Exposed to Lead Acetate

“…Solanum betaceum is a fruit that contains high antioxidants. Based on the phytochemical screening test, Solanum betaceum extract is known to positively have phenol, flavonoid, tannin, anthocyanin, and saponin compounds (Khaerunnisa et al, 2019;Rosadi et al, 2018).…”

“…Lipid peroxidation reactions can be inhibited by the addition of antioxidants (Chang & Kim, 2018). One of the natural antioxidants that can be used is Solanum betaceum extract, which is proven to contain relatively high antioxidants such as anthocyanin, flavonoids, carotenoids, tannins, and saponins (Khaerunnisa, Kusumastuti, Mustika, Aminah, & Suhartati, 2019;Rosadi, Warditiani, & Larasanty, 2018). High antioxidants can reduce lead-induced oxidative stress in experimental animals (Diana et al, 2017).…”

The Protective Effect of Solanum betaceum Extract on Spermatozoa Vitality Exposed to Lead Acetate in Mice

“…The addition of antioxidants can inhibit lipid peroxidation reactions (Ayala et al, 2014). Solanum betaceum is a fruit that contains quite high natural antioxidants such as anthocyanins, flavonoids, carotenoids, tannins, and saponins (Diep et al, 2020;Khaerunnisa et al, 2019). High antioxidants can reduce lead-induced oxidative stress in experimental animals (Wang et al, 2013).…”