Cats were raised from birth with one eye viewing horizontal lines and one eye viewing vertical lines. Elongated receptive fields of cells in the visual cortex were horizontally or vertically oriented-no oblique fields were found. Units with horizontal fields were activated only by the eye exposed to horizontal lines; units with vertical fields only by the eye exposed to vertical lines.

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A simple avoidance training procedure during early development produces massive neural traces in visual and somatic cortices of kittens reared in a normal environment. A preponderance of cells in these areas had response preferences for the stimuli used during training. Furthermore, some of these cells exhibited properties never found in normal animals not receiving such training. It appears that, even in an environment in which many other stimuli are present, some early experiences powerfully affect brain development and the way in which other experiences exert their effect.

Visual receptive fields have been mapped with moving patterns in the cat's retinal ganglion cells. A small, general-purpose computer was used to collect a matrix of 2500 data points covering a 25 degrees -by-25 degrees region of space. The analysis of 40 units reveals the existence of many nonconcentric receptive fields and also the presence of line and edge detectors.

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