Plasticity: The Mirror of Experience

Spinelli, D.N.; Jensen, FE

doi:10.1126/science.758683

Cited by 101 publications

(15 citation statements)

References 9 publications

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“…But to avoid the trap of nested complexity, it remains necessary to extract generic principles (Marr's algorithmic level) and obtain modeling simplifications. In this vein, one should be careful not to force homologies (between distant species) that may not always exist, and one should take advantage of the diversity of experimental systems, many of which have been driving the field: the cat visual and somatosensory cortex for visual perception and early associative memory storage (Spinelli and Jensen, 1979), the rat hippocampus and entorhinal cortex for navigation-related computation (Moser and Moser, 2013;O'Keefe and Recce, 1993), the electric fish electrosensory lobe for perceptual filtering and novelty detection (Bell, 1981), the insect olfactory system for associative learning of dynamic sensory representations (Cassenaer and Laurent, 2012). We remain convinced of the importance of ''simpler'' organisms to discover canonical principles.…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Cortical Correlates of Low-Level Perception: From Neural Circuits to Percepts

Frégnac

Bathellier

2015

Neuron

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Low-level perception results from neural-based computations, which build a multimodal skeleton of unconscious or self-generated inferences on our environment. This review identifies bottleneck issues concerning the role of early primary sensory cortical areas, mostly in rodent and higher mammals (cats and non-human primates), where perception substrates can be searched at multiple scales of neural integration. We discuss the limitation of purely bottom-up approaches for providing realistic models of early sensory processing and the need for identification of fast adaptive processes, operating within the time of a percept. Future progresses will depend on the careful use of comparative neuroscience (guiding the choices of experimental models and species adapted to the questions under study), on the definition of agreed-upon benchmarks for sensory stimulation, on the simultaneous acquisition of neural data at multiple spatio-temporal scales, and on the in vivo identification of key generic integration and plasticity algorithms validated experimentally and in simulations.

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Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Cortical Correlates of Low-Level Perception: From Neural Circuits to Percepts

Frégnac

Bathellier

2015

Neuron

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“…During developmental critical periods, exposure to particular classes of stimuli may bias the emergence of simple (Blakemore and van Sluyters, 1975;Spinelli and Jensen, 1979) or more complex (Brown and Horn, 1994) neuronal responses. There is evidence that at least some forms of plasticity, including long-term potentiation, are more strongly expressed during early postnatal development (Kato et al, 1991;Fox, 1995;Kirkwood et al, 1995).…”

Section: Experience-dependent Map Formation and Plasticitymentioning

confidence: 99%

Behavioral constraints in the development of neuronal properties: a cortical model embedded in a real-world device

Almássy

Edelman²,

Sporns³

1998

Cerebral Cortex

117

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The ability of organisms to categorize diverse and often novel stimuli depends on ongoing interactions with their environment. In a modality such as vision, categorization requires the generation of both selective and invariant responses of cortical neurons to complex visual stimuli. How does behavior contribute to shaping the responses of these neurons? Analysis of this question is made difficult by the complex multilevel interactions between many neural and behavioral variables. To mitigate this difficulty, we studied the development and ongoing plasticity of pattern-selective neuronal responses by means of synthetic neural modeling. For this purpose, we constructed Darwin V, which consists of a simulated neuronal model embedded in a real-world device that is capable of motion and autonomous behavior. The neuronal model consists of four major components: a visual system (containing cortical and subcortical networks); a taste system based on conductance; sets of motor neurons capable of triggering behavior; and a diffuse ascending (value) system. The modeled visual cortex consists of two areas: a topographic map responsive to elementary features connected to a higher-order map composed of initially non-selective neuronal units. During behavior over time in its environment, Darwin V encounters numerous objects consisting of black metal cubes displaying different patterns of white blobs and stripes. Initially, the lack of specific higher-order visual responses does not allow visual pattern discrimination, and appetitive and aversive behaviors are triggered by the 'taste' (surface conductivity of objects) alone. In the course of sensory experience, however, changes occur in visual and sensorimotor connection strengths, with two major consequences. First, units within the higher visual area acquire responses that are both pattern selective and translation invariant. Second, as a result of the operation of the value system, these responses become linked to appropriate behaviors. Analysis of Darwin V after such changes indicates that the continuity of self-generated movements is essential for the development of pattern-selective and translationinvariant responses. The concomitant development of a preference for foveal over parafoveal objects was found to be due to increased behavioral interactions with object cubes gripped by the centrally mounted effector (snout) of Darwin V. Finally, even after development of higher-order visual responses, visual responses to more frequently encountered objects continued to be enhanced, while other responses were diminished. Overall, the detailed study of Darwin V over multiple levels of organization provides a heuristically revealing example of the crucial role played by behavioral and environmental interactions in the development of complex responses by specialized neurons.

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“…Furthermore, reproducible physiological and anatomical changes in striate cortex can be induced by simple environmental deprivation paradigms, such as monocular lid closure, during a critical period that extends from approximately 3 weeks to 3 months of age (Hubel and Wiesel, 1970). Because the resultant changes in cortex accurately reflect the experience of the kitten, the suggestion has been made that they are the neural substrate of a form of learning and memory (Spinelli and Jensen, 1979).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

An investigation of cholinergic circuitry in cat striate cortex using acetylcholinesterase histochemistry

Bear

Carnes

Ebner

1985

J of Comparative Neurology

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INSTRUCTIONS REPOT DCUMNTATON AGEBEFORECOMPLETING. ,h , -in c , I lcho l n t e ra ,-( H iSto- Iicor'anization of cholinergic inputs to cat striate cortex (area 17)1 was studied using a histochemical stain for acetvcholinesterase (AChE).Axons were labelled in all layers of striate cortex, with distinct plexuses occurring in layer 1, lower layer 1II, layer IVc and layer VI. 1striate cortex, indicating that this innervation arises entirel; from an extrinsic source in the cat. To identify this source, cell groups projecting to area 17 were retrogradelv labelled with horseradish peroxidase (HRP). HRP-labelled cell groups that were also intenselvtAChE-pogitive were considere( as possible candidates for providing the cholinergic input to striate cortex. Th'lese included the basal forebrain, several intralaminar nuclIei and the lateral geniculate nucleus. Kainate lesions were then made in each of these structures to assess their individual contributions to the cortical AChE pattern.-) Cortical AChE was depleted only after lesions of the basal forebrain suggesting that this is the sole source of AChE-positive ixons in area17-- 3 To whom correspondence should be addressed.-1. ABSTRACTThe organization of cholinergic inputs to cat striate cortex (area 17) was studied using a hi.tochemical stain for acetylcholinesterase (AChE). Axons were labelled in all layers of striate cortex, with distinct plexuses occurring in layer I, lower layer Ill, layer IVc and layer VI. In addition to the stained axons, a population of layer V pyramidal cells was intensely AChE-positive.Surgical undercutting eliminated virtually all of the AChE-positive axons in striate cortex, indicating that this innervation arises entirely from an extrinsic source in the cat.To identify this source, cell groups projecting to area 17 were retrogradely labelled with horseradish peroxidase (HRP). HRP-labelled cell groups that were also intensely AChEpositive were considered as possible candidates for providing the cholinergic input to striate cortex. These included the basal forebrain, several intralaminar nuclei and the lateral geniculate nucleus. Kainate lesions were then made in each of these structures to assess their individual contributions to the cortical AChE pattern. Cortical AChE was depleted only after lesions of the basal forebrain, suggesting that this is the sole source of AChEpositive axons in area 17. Because the cortically-projecting cells in this region have been shown to contain choline acetyltransferase in a number of species, we postulate that the AChE-positive fibers we describe in cat striate cortex are in fact cholinergic.-2. INTRODUCTIONIn 1967 Shute and Lewis mapped the central cholinergic pathways using a histocherpical stain for acetylcholinesterase (AChE). The AChE-containing pathways of the forebrain seemed to be derived largely from cells in the reticular formation of the brainstem and included cell groups in the intralaminar thalamus and basal telencephalon. They called this the "ascending cholinergic reticular activating system" be...

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Plasticity: The Mirror of Experience

Cited by 101 publications

References 9 publications

Cortical Correlates of Low-Level Perception: From Neural Circuits to Percepts

Cortical Correlates of Low-Level Perception: From Neural Circuits to Percepts

Behavioral constraints in the development of neuronal properties: a cortical model embedded in a real-world device

An investigation of cholinergic circuitry in cat striate cortex using acetylcholinesterase histochemistry

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