The agroindustry generates a large amount of waste. In postharvest, food losses can reach up to 50%. This waste represents a source of contamination of soil, air, and bodies of water. This represents a problem for the environment as well as for public health. However, this waste is an important source of bioactive compounds, such as phenolic compounds, terpenes, and β-glucans, among others. Several biological activities have been attributed to these compounds; for example, antioxidant, antimicrobial, gut microbiota, and immune system modulators. These properties have been associated with improvements in health. Recently, the approach of using these bioactive compounds as food additives for aquaculture have been addressed, where it is sought that organisms, in addition to growing, preserve their health and become disease resistant. The exploitation of agro-industrial waste as a source of bioactive compounds for aquaculture has a triple objective—to provide added value to production chains, reduce pollution, and improve the well-being of organisms through nutrition. However, to make use of the waste, it is necessary to revalue them, mainly by determining their biological effects in aquaculture organisms. The composition of bioactive compounds of agro-industrial wastes, their biological properties, and their application in aquaculture will be addressed here.

The fruit, vegetable, legume, and cereal industries generate many wastes, representing an environmental pollution problem. However, these wastes are a rich source of antioxidant molecules such as terpenes, phenolic compounds, phytosterols, and bioactive peptides with potential applications mainly in the food and pharmaceutical industries, and they exhibit multiple biological properties including antidiabetic, anti-obesity, antihypertensive, anticancer, and antibacterial properties. The aforementioned has increased studies on the recovery of antioxidant compounds using green technologies to value plant waste, since they represent more efficient and sustainable processes. In this review, the main antioxidant molecules from plants are briefly described and the advantages and disadvantages of the use of conventional and green extraction technologies used for the recovery and optimization of the yield of antioxidant naturals are detailed; finally, recent studies on biological properties of antioxidant molecules extracted from plant waste are presented here.

2018) Effect of hydrophilic and lipophilic antioxidants from mango peel (Mangiferaindica L. cv. Ataulfo) on lipid peroxidation in fish oil, CyTA ABSTRACT Antioxidant capacities of hydrophilic (phenolic compounds; H-MPE) and lipophilic (carotenoids; L-MPE) antioxidants from mango peel by ABTS and DPPH assays were determined. The ability of H-MPE and L-MPE to inhibit fish oil peroxidation by the formation of malondialdehyde (MDA) was measured and compared against synthetic antioxidant butylated hydroxytoluene (BHT) to study their antioxidant potential in the stabilization of omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids contained in the fish oil. H-MPE and L-MPE showed significantly higher antioxidant capacity than BHT (P < 0.05) by ABTS and DPPH assays. In addition, H-MPE significantly inhibited fish oil peroxidation compared with the control without antioxidant (P < 0.05), while L-MPE showed a prooxidant effect. On the other hand, H-MPE at 200 mg/L showed a similar effect than that of BHT on the prevention of fish oil peroxidation. Therefore, H-MPE could be used as a new alternative to BHT to prevent fish oil peroxidation.Efecto de antioxidantes hidrofílicos y lipofílicos de la cáscara de mango (Mangifera indica L. cv. Ataulfo) sobre la peroxidación lipídica en aceite de pescado. RESUMENLas capacidades antioxidantes de compuestos hidrofílicos (compuestos fenólicos; H-MPE) y lipofílicos (carotenoides; L-MPE) de la cáscara de mango fue determinada por los ensayos ABTS y DPPH. La capacidad de H-MPE y L-MPE para inhibir la peroxidación en el aceite de pescado fue analizada por la formación de malonaldehído (MDA) y comparada contra el antioxidante sintético butil hidroxitolueno (BHT), para estudiar su potencial antioxidante en la estabilización de ácidos grasos poliinsaturados de la serie omega 3 presentes en el aceite de pescado. H-MPE y L-MPE mostraron mayor capacidad antioxidante que el BHT (P<0.05) mediante los ensayos ABTS y DPPH. Además, H-MPE inhibió significativamente la peroxidación del aceite de pescado en comparación con el control sin antioxidante (P<0.05), mientras que L-MPE mostró un efecto prooxidante. Contrariamente, la concentración de 200 mg/L de H-MPE mostró un efecto similar al BHT en la prevención de la peroxidación del aceite de pescado. Por lo tanto, H-MPE podría ser usado como una nueva alternativa del BHT para prevenir la peroxidación en el aceite de pescado. ARTICLE HISTORY

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Four experimental diets were formulated with 50, 100, 150 and 200 mg of phenolic compounds (PCs) kg-1 feed, derived from mango peel. The control diet did not contain PCs. A total of 120 male zebrafish (Danio rerio) (average weight: 166 mg) were fed for eight weeks to assess the ability of PCs to prevent lipid peroxidation and enhance antioxidant status. Growth performance was calculated at the end of the experimental trial. Lipid peroxidations in muscle and antioxidant enzyme activity in the liver were evaluated at the end of the experiment. There was no significant difference in growth performance among treatments. Malondialdehyde (MDA) levels in muscle were significantly lower in fish fed diets containing 50 and 100 mg of PCs per kg of feed. Incorporation of PCs into zebrafish diet did not have any significant effects on glutathione peroxidase and superoxide dismutase activity. However, catalase (CAT) activity increased significantly in fish with diets containing 100, 150 and 200 mg of PCs kg-1 feed. These results suggest a potential protective effect against in vivo lipid peroxidation and CAT-modulating effects.

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El cultivo intensivo de peces es una estrategia económicamente importante para producir alimento. Sin embargo, las prácticas de cultivo intensivo generan estrés oxidativo e inmunosupresión, lo que ocasiona pérdidas de la calidad del espécimen y aumento en la mortalidad. Para contrarrestar estos efectos, se ha optado por la administración de vegetales como fuente de polifenoles con propiedades antioxidantes e inmunoestimulantes en peces carnívoros de cultivo. El objetivo de este trabajo fue describir los efectos de los polifenoles de origen vegetal como antioxidantes e inmunoestimulantes en peces carnívoros, y promover su uso como ingredientes funcionales en la acuicultura. Los vegetales como fuente de polifenoles tienen la capacidad de mejorar los sistemas de defensa inmune y antioxidante de las especies analiza- das, con un tejido de mejor calidad nutricional y un mayor contenido endógeno de antioxidantes. No obstante, las propiedades biológicas de los polifenoles dependen del tipo y concentración en el vegetal, de la dosis y el tiempo de administración, así como de la matriz alimentaria, la cual determina la bioaccesibilidad y biodisponibilidad de los polifenoles en el organismo. Es escasa la información generada sobre el efecto de los polifenoles en la calidad post mortem, por lo que se deben realizar más estudios.

The hypoxia conditions in intensive farming systems generate oxidative stress related to oxidative damage and mortality of fish. Corn husk meal (CHM), as a source of antioxidants, might modulate the antioxidant response and prevent the damage elicited by hypoxia. This study evaluated CHM’s ability to modulate a hepatic response in Nile tilapia exposed to hypoxia. A control and a test diet supplemented with 25 g CHM/kg feed were formulated. Ninety Nile tilapias (5.09 ± 0.55 g initial weight) were fed for 36 days to evaluate growth, feed efficiency, and hepatic antioxidant response (CAT, catalase; SOD, superoxide dismutase, and GPx, glutathione peroxidase) in normal oxygen conditions (normoxia). After the feeding trial (36 days), fish were exposed to hypoxia (1.5 ± 0.2 mg/L dissolved oxygen), and the hepatic antioxidant response was determined. There was no significant effect of CHM on growth and feed efficiency. The CAT activity was significantly increased in tilapias exposed to hypoxia and fed the test diet compared to the control group exposed to hypoxia. The SOD and GPx activities were unchanged in tilapias in normoxia and hypoxia conditions. Results suggest that CHM dietary supplementation promotes the antioxidant response in Nile tilapia exposed to hypoxia through CAT modulation.