OBJETIVO: Os objetivos desse estudo foram: constituir um protocolo piloto de avaliação do risco para disfagia, visando auxiliar o fonoaudiólogo a identificar e interpretar as alterações na dinâmica da deglutição, caracterizar os sinais clínicos sugestivos de penetração laríngea ou aspiração laringo-traqueal, definir pontualmente a gravidade da disfagia e estabelecer condutas a partir dos resultados da avaliação. MÉTODOS: O Protocolo Fonoaudiológico de Avaliação do Risco para Disfagia foi elaborado com base na literatura, segundo a identificação dos pontos comuns a todos os protocolos de avaliação da deglutição. Os pontos não comuns foram excluídos e os itens julgados relevantes foram incluídos. RESULTADOS: O Protocolo Fonoaudiológico de Avaliação do Risco para Disfagia foi constituído por três partes: teste de deglutição da água, teste de deglutição de alimentos pastosos, classificação do grau de disfagia e condutas. CONCLUSÃO: O Protocolo Fonoaudiológico de Avaliação do Risco para Disfagia é baseado em uma proposição teórica e depende de sua aplicação populacional, em larga escala e por diferentes profissionais para que venha a se configurar como um teste validado em sua proposta. A contribuição aqui apresentada busca uma forma de contemplar, de maneira mais completa possível, a avaliação fonoaudiológica para o risco de disfagia em beira-de-leito, norteando a atuação fonoaudiológica e consolidando sua atuação baseada em evidências. A segunda fase desta pesquisa será experimental.

BackgroundEducational computer games are examples of computer-assisted learning objects, representing an educational strategy of growing interest. Given the changes in the digital world over the last decades, students of the current generation expect technology to be used in advancing their learning requiring a need to change traditional passive learning methodologies to an active multisensory experimental learning methodology. The objective of this study was to compare a computer game-based learning method with a traditional learning method, regarding learning gains and knowledge retention, as means of teaching head and neck Anatomy and Physiology to Speech-Language and Hearing pathology undergraduate students.MethodsStudents were randomized to participate to one of the learning methods and the data analyst was blinded to which method of learning the students had received. Students’ prior knowledge (i.e. before undergoing the learning method), short-term knowledge retention and long-term knowledge retention (i.e. six months after undergoing the learning method) were assessed with a multiple choice questionnaire. Students’ performance was compared considering the three moments of assessment for both for the mean total score and for separated mean scores for Anatomy questions and for Physiology questions.ResultsStudents that received the game-based method performed better in the pos-test assessment only when considering the Anatomy questions section. Students that received the traditional lecture performed better in both post-test and long-term post-test when considering the Anatomy and Physiology questions.ConclusionsThe game-based learning method is comparable to the traditional learning method in general and in short-term gains, while the traditional lecture still seems to be more effective to improve students’ short and long-term knowledge retention.

OBJECTIVES:To elucidate independent risk factors for dysphagia after prolonged orotracheal intubation.METHODS:The participants were 148 consecutive patients who underwent clinical bedside swallowing assessments from September 2009 to September 2011. All patients had received prolonged orotracheal intubations and were admitted to one of several intensive care units of a large Brazilian school hospital. The correlations between the conducted water swallow test results and dysphagia risk levels were analyzed for statistical significance.RESULTS:Of the 148 patients included in the study, 91 were male and 57 were female (mean age, 53.64 years). The univariate analysis results indicated that specific variables, including extraoral loss, multiple swallows, cervical auscultation, vocal quality, cough, choking, and other signs, were possible significant high-risk indicators of dysphagia onset. The multivariate analysis results indicated that cervical auscultation and coughing were independent predictive variables for high dysphagia risk.CONCLUSIONS:Patients displaying extraoral loss, multiple swallows, cervical auscultation, vocal quality, cough, choking and other signs should benefit from early swallowing evaluations. Additionally, early post-extubation dysfunction recognition is paramount in reducing the morbidity rate in this high-risk population.

This study makes this questionnaire available in Brazilian Portuguese. For parents of Brazilian children with cochlear implants, lexical development(acquisition and use of words) is the variable that relates most to the quality of life of their children.

OBJETIVO: Apresentação do perfil epidemiológico das patologias fonoaudiológicas de fala e linguagem, de causa idiopática, especificamente relacionado à prevalência dessas desordens na população infantil de 1 a 11 anos de idade. MÉTODO: As crianças foram avaliadas nos aspectos de fala, linguagem e sistema miofuncional oral. Estabelecido o diagnóstico fonoaudiológico, foram os mesmos classificados segundo a manifestação predominante. Após agrupadas as categorias das desordens, foram diferenciadas as idades e aplicados os cálculos de prevalência. RESULTADOS: De um total de 2.980 crianças, 125 delas eram portadoras de desordens fonoaudiológicas (prevalência de 4,19). A prevalência geral mais elevada foi referente à faixa etária de 3 a 8 anos, sendo a fase crítica dos 4 aos 5 anos. As patologias de manifestação primária mais prevalentes foram, em ordem de freqüência: distúrbios articulatórios, defasagens na aquisição e desenvolvimento da linguagem oral e desordens miofuncionais orais e de funções neuro vegetativas. CONCLUSÃO: As desordens fonoaudiológicas constituem importante segmento nos agravos à saúde infantil, sendo necessário que sejam urgentemente estruturados programas fonoaudiológicos preventivos e curativos. Em sua precariedade, o sistema de saúde brasileiro não oferece uma rede de apoio para o atendimento aos portadores de patologias da comunicação, existindo apenas esforços isolados em algumas unidades de saúde.

IntroductionThe development of postextubation swallowing dysfunction is well documented in the literature with high prevalence in most studies. However, there are relatively few studies with specific outcomes that focus on the follow-up of these patients until hospital discharge. The purpose of our study was to determine prognostic indicators of dysphagia in ICU patients submitted to prolonged orotracheal intubation (OTI).MethodsWe conducted a retrospective, observational cohort study from 2010 to 2012 of all patients over 18 years of age admitted to a university hospital ICU who were submitted to prolonged OTI and subsequently received a bedside swallow evaluation (BSE) by a speech pathologist. The prognostic factors analyzed included dysphagia severity rate at the initial swallowing assessment and at hospital discharge, age, time to initiate oral feeding, amount of individual treatment, number of orotracheal intubations, intubation time and length of hospital stay.ResultsAfter we excluded patients with neurologic diseases, tracheostomy, esophageal dysphagia and those who were submitted to surgical procedures involving the head and neck, our study sample size was 148 patients. The logistic regression model was used to examine the relationships between independent variables. In the univariate analyses, we found that statistically significant prognostic indicators of dysphagia included dysphagia severity rate at the initial swallowing assessment, time to initiate oral feeding and amount of individual treatment. In the multivariate analysis, we found that dysphagia severity rate at the initial swallowing assessment remained associated with good treatment outcomes.ConclusionsStudies of prognostic indicators in different populations with dysphagia can contribute to the design of more effective procedures when evaluating, treating, and monitoring individuals with this type of disorder. Additionally, this study stresses the importance of the initial assessment ratings.

The mandibular movements used during speech modify space to allow different articulation postures proper for each sound. Temporomandibular disorders (TMD) may cause modifications in these movements due to joint and muscular conditions. The aim of this study was to verify the amplitude and the characterization of the mandibular movements during speech, using computerized electrognathography, in individuals with TMD and in asymptomatic individuals, analyzing possible interferences of these dysfunctions. One hundred thirty-five (135) adult subjects were divided into two groups: GI with 90 participants diagnosed with TMD and GIII with 45 asymptomatic participants. Their mandibular movements were observed during the sequential naming of pictures containing all of the word sounds, which occur in the Brazilian Portuguese language. The records were obtained with computerized electrognathography (BioEGN-BioPak system, BioResearch Associates, Inc., Milwaukee, WI). Mean values of the amplitude were described for the two groups. The analysis of such results showed statistically significant differences between the means of the values, obtained for the two groups in the opening and retrusion ranges. Statistically significant differences were not established for the presence and the range of the deviations in laterality, during speech. Prevalence of bilateral deviations was verified in GIII and unilateral deviations in GI. This study describes the 3-dimensional thresholds of mandibular movements in speech for Brazilian Portuguese, for the investigated individuals of both groups. The presence of TMD shows reduction in mandibular opening and retrusion ranges and prevalence of unilateral deviation movements during speech.

OBJETIVO: Relatar os resultados da avaliação clínica completa da deglutição em pacientes críticos de um hospital de ensino de grande porte na cidade de São Paulo. MÉTODOS: Foi realizado um estudo prospectivo, descritivo, no período de setembro a novembro de 2009, em uma unidade de terapia intensiva de emergências clínicas de trinta leitos, de um hospital terciário de grande porte do Brasil. Foram encaminhados 35 pacientes para a avaliação fonoaudiológica clínica da deglutição. Para a avaliação clínica completa da deglutição na unidade de terapia intensiva, foram preconizados os seguintes protocolos: Protocolo de Avaliação Preliminar (PAP), Protocolo de Avaliação do Risco para Disfagia (PARD) e Protocolo de Introdução e Transição da Alimentação por Via Oral (PITA). RESULTADOS: Neste estudo, foi constatada uma prevalência de 63% de disfagia orofaríngea (DO) na UTI, sendo a maioria destas classificadas como moderada e moderada-grave (39%). Entre os pacientes encaminhados para avaliação da deglutição, 74% apresentaram intubação orotraqueal prévia. A análise estatística revelou as variáveis que poderiam classificar corretamente os pacientes como tendo ou não DO nos testes clínicos. Esses indicadores clínicos incluíram: força da tosse, coordenação pneumofonoarticulatória, gravidade da disfonia e elevação laríngea. Vinte e seis pacientes (74%) completaram todos os protocolos. Desse total, 38% retornaram à dieta regular. CONCLUSÃO: A prática com protocolos padronizados mostra-se como uma importante opção no gerenciamento da disfagia orofaríngea na unidade de terapia intensiva.