This paper presents an energy-efficient 12-bit successive approximation-register A/D converter (ADC). The D/A converter (DAC) plays a crucial role in ADC linearity, which can be enhanced by using larger capacitor arrays. The binary-window DAC switching scheme proposed in this paper effectively reduces DAC nonlinearity and switching errors to improve both the spuriousfree dynamic range and signal-to-noise-and-distortion ratio. The ADC prototype occupies an active area of 0.12 mm 2 in the 0.18-μm CMOS process and consumes a total power of 0.6 mW from a 1.5-V supply. The measured peak differential nonlinearity and integral nonlinearity are 0.57 and 0.73 least significant bit, respectively. The ADC achieves a 64.7-dB signal-tonoise-and-distortion ratio and 83-dB spurious-free dynamic range at a sampling rate of 10 MS/s, corresponding to a peak figure-of-merit of 43 fJ/conversion-step.
KEYWORDSA/D converter (ADC), binary window, D/A converter (DAC), successive approximation register (SAR)
This study proposes a panel smooth transition regression (PSTR) model to investigate the nonlinear relationship between crude oil prices and crude oil production in 122 countries, both OPEC and non-OPEC, from March 1994 to October 2015. The statistical test for the existence of a threshold effect indicates that the relationship between oil prices and oil production is nonlinear, with different changes over time among the oil price and transition variables. Additionally, a threshold value exists. Furthermore, crude oil price volatility exhibits asymmetric responses to production volatility by fluctuating above or below the threshold value. Finally, when crude oil price volatility with a lag of two periods exceeds the threshold value, crude oil production changes have a positive impact on crude oil price volatility. In contrast, when crude oil price volatility with a lag of two periods is less than the threshold value, crude oil production changes have a negative impact on price volatility.
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