Colombia is a dengue hyperendemic country; however, the prevalence of antibodies against dengue in the general population including the inhabitants of rural areas is unknown. This study aimed to determine the prevalence of dengue IgM and IgG antibodies in healthy children and adults in urban and rural areas of seven different endemic regions in Colombia between 2013 and 2015. Design or method: Blood samples from healthy volunteers (1,318) were processed by serology (by indirect IgG and capture IgM and IgG ELISA) and molecular tests to detect viral RNA and circulating serotypes. Results: The seroprevalence of IgG for dengue were 85% in children and over 90% for adults. In addition to the high IgM positive rate (14.9%) and secondary recent infection marker rate (capture IgG, 16%), 8.4% of the healthy volunteers were positive for dengue virus (DENV) RNA. Conclusion:This study confirmed the broad and permanent circulation of DENV in Colombia and the high rates of infection and reinfection suffered by its inhabitants. This information can be used by the health authorities to strengthen vector control and vaccine policies and review the algorithms of diagnosis and disease management in children and adults.

<p><strong>Introducción.</strong> Las infecciones por el virus del dengue y del chikungunya presentan síntomas clínicos similares, lo cual dificulta el diagnóstico clínico. Además, son transmitidas por los mismos vectores, por lo que en una región puede haber circulación e infección simultánea con los dos virus. Los resultados de cada enfermedad, no obstante, son diferentes: la fiebre del chikungunya rara vez es fatal, pero puede dejar secuelas de tipo articular y neurológico, en tanto que el dengue es potencialmente fatal. De ahí la importancia de un diagnóstico preciso y oportuno.<br /><strong>Objetivo.</strong> Comparar el diagnóstico presuntivo basado en los hallazgos clínicos con el diagnóstico diferencial hecho mediante pruebas de laboratorio.<br /><strong>Materiales y métodos.</strong> Se utilizaron pruebas virológicas y serológicas específicas para dengue y chikungunya en ocho muestras de sangre de pacientes pediátricos con síndrome febril. Se empleó la reacción en cadena de la polimerasa con transcriptasa inversa para detectar los virus del dengue y del chikungunya y el método de ELISA basado en la captura de IgM para confirmar los casos de dengue.<br /><strong>Resultados.</strong> Con base en los hallazgos clínicos, dos pacientes se clasificaron como casos probables de dengue o chikungunya, dos como casos probables de chikungunya y en cuatro no hubo diagnóstico presuntivo de infección viral. Las pruebas de laboratorio confirmaron la infección por el virus del dengue en dos pacientes, por el virus del chikungunya en otros dos e infección simultánea de dengue y chikungunya en los cuatro restantes.<br /><strong>Conclusión.</strong> Los hallazgos clínicos no fueron suficientes para hacer un diagnóstico en pacientes pediátricos con síndrome febril, por lo cual se requirieron pruebas específicas de laboratorio para establecer con precisión el agente etiológico causante de la enfermedad.</p><p> </p>

Dengue virus (DENV) is an arbovirus of the Flaviviridae family and is an enveloped virion containing a positive sense single-stranded RNA genome. DENV causes dengue fever (DF) which is characterized by an undifferentiated syndrome accompanied by fever, fatigue, dizziness, muscle aches, and in severe cases, patients can deteriorate and develop life-threatening vascular leakage, bleeding, and multi-organ failure. DF is the most prevalent mosquito-borne disease affecting more than 390 million people per year with a mortality rate close to 1% in the general population but especially high among children. There is no specific treatment and there is only one licensed vaccine with restricted application. Clinical and experimental evidence advocate the role of the humoral and T-cell responses in protection against DF, as well as a role in the disease pathogenesis. A lot of pro-inflammatory factors induced during the infectious process are involved in increased severity in dengue disease. The advances in DF research have been hampered by the lack of an animal model that recreates all the characteristics of this disease. Experiments in nonhuman primates (NHP) had failed to reproduce all clinical signs of DF disease and during the past decade, humanized mouse models have demonstrated several benefits in the study of viral diseases affecting humans. In DENV studies, some of these models recapitulate specific signs of disease that are useful to test drugs or vaccine candidates. However, there is still a need for a more complete model mimicking the full spectrum of DENV. This review focuses on describing the advances in this area of research.

Dengue is the most important arbovirosis in the world. In this study, we assessed the knowledge, attitudes, and practices (KAP) regarding dengue in parents from two small Colombian municipalities in the Cundinamarca Province. Parents and their healthy children from 4 to 14 years of age were included in some public elementary schools. After a medical examination, blood samples were taken for diagnosis of dengue using enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays (capture immunoglobulin M and capture immunoglobulin G [IgG], indirect IgG and detection non-structural viral protein 1) and detection of viral RNA by reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction. In addition, a KAP survey was applied to the children's parents or tutors. The indirect IgG test determined that of the 347 examined children, 87.9% had a previous infection with the dengue virus (DENV), 12.7% of them were positive for viral RNA (asymptomatic infection), and 32.0% presented reinfections. Risk factors evaluation showed that children aged 8 years and older living in the municipalities for more than 7 years were more likely to be infected or reinfected by DENV. In the same way, poor nutrition, lack of water supply, sewer service, or waste disposal services could raise the likelihood of dengue infections. The surveys indicated that parents have unhealthy practices and a low knowledge about the transmission of the disease, which could result in an increase of mosquito breeding sites, allowing sustained dengue transmission.

Introducción. La incidencia y la prevalencia del dengue en Cundinamarca son elevadas y, recientemente, se detectó Aedes aegypti en algunas áreas rurales del departamento.Objetivo. Evaluar la transmisión transovárica del virus del dengue en larvas y pupas recolectadas en áreas rurales del municipio de Anapoima.Materiales y métodos. Se recolectaron ejemplares vivos en 53 viviendas y se transportaron al laboratorio de Anapoima, donde se clasificaron, se agruparon y se congelaron. Llevadas a Bogotá, se las homogeneizó, se les extrajo el ARN con Trizol®, se las sometió a una reacción en cadena de la polimerasa de transcripción inversa (Reverse Transcription Polymerase Change Reaction, RT-PCR) y a PCR convencional, y los productos amplificados se analizaron en geles de agarosa al 2 %.Resultados. En 54,7 % de las viviendas evaluadas se encontraron formas inmaduras del vector y el serotipo más frecuente fue el DENV-1. Sin embargo, en algunos pools se detectó la presencia simultánea de los serotipos DENV 1 y 2, DENV 1 y 3, y DENV 1 y 4, así como los serotipos DENV 1, 2 y 3.Conclusión. Los resultados confirmaron la transmisión vertical del virus de manera natural en el área rural del municipio, lo cual reafirma la capacidad vectorial de A. aegypti y explica, en parte, la persistencia del virus en la región y la posibilidad de que en la fase adulta el vector lo transmita sin haber consumido sangre infectada. Esta situación aumenta el riesgo de infección por el virus del dengue en Colombia y, por lo tanto, la necesidad de adelantar programas de prevención y control en todas las zonas con presencia del mosquito.

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GP levels was associated to some of the manifestations of dengue. This finding suggests that the intensity of oxidative stress can influence the clinical presentation of dengue.

<p>Dengue is an infection caused by dengue virus and is the most<br />important arthropod transmitted viral disease in the world,<br />causing near 100 million cases and 50 000 fatalities each year.<br />Health authorities believe that these numbers will grow in<br />coming years. In Colombia, almost 600 municipalities are in<br />regions with Aedes aegypti circulation, and the presence of four<br />dengue serotypes has been demonstrated. Despite the increasing<br />knowledge about disease pathogenesis and the dengue virus,<br />some technical or scientific difficulties with diagnosing dengue<br />remain, negatively affecting both public health surveillance<br />and the appropriate attention to patients in health settings and<br />hospitals. This paper reviews the principles and developments<br />of the current diagnostic techniques for dengue, pointing out<br />the difficulties with making accurate dengue diagnoses and case<br />confirmations in public health and specialized laboratories. The<br />principles and limitations of MAC-ELISA, IgG serology, viral<br />NS1 detection and viral isolation by cell culture are presented.<br />In addition, the review of immunochromatography techniques<br />(rapid diagnostic tests) that have been put forward to help the<br />point-of-care diagnosis is proposed. This paper is intended to<br />bring forward some points of view about the issues related to<br />dengue diagnosis and contribute to improve the discussion<br />surrounding the strategies and techniques needed for reducing<br />the impact of the disease and favoring its control.</p>