This study confirmed that nasal and stop consonants are acquired first, followed by fricatives and, finally, liquids. We suggest that future studies replicate our investigation in larger samples and younger age groups.
RESUMO O objetivos deste estudo foi verificar a eficácia do treinamento de Karate-Dō, estilo Wadō-ryū, sobre a cognição em idosos saudáveis. Quanto ao método, realizou-se um estudo randomizado controlado com 33 adultos idosos, divididos em Grupo de Karate (GK) e Grupo de Controle (GC). Na pré e pós-intervenção os participantes responderam a um questionário sociodemográfico, uma bateria de testes neuropsicológicos, escalas de queixas cognitivas subjetivas, sintomas depressivos e de ansiedade. A intervenção foi realizada duas vezes por semana durante 12 semanas (duração de 60 minutos). O GC não realizou nenhuma atividade física orientada ou estimulação cognitiva durante o período de intervenção. A análise dos dados foi realizada por meio de estatísticas descritivas e inferênciais. As comparações de desempenho em testes neuropsicológicos e escalas de queixas cognitivas subjetivas, entre e intra grupos, pré e pós-intervenção, foram realizadas por testes de Mann-Whitney e Wilcoxon. Conforme resultados, GK apresentou melhores resultados do que GC em tarefas de memória visual, funções executivas e queixas de memória subjetiva na análise pós-intervenção. Os resultados sugerem que três meses de prática de Karate-Dō estão relacionados a uma melhora significativa das funções cognitivas em idosos saudáveis. Palavras-chave: Envelhecimento. Cognição. Artes marciais. Atividade física.
Social distancing due to the COVID-19 pandemic can impact mental health, triggering symptoms such as anxiety, stress and depression. Therefore, this study aimed to assess the levels of anxiety, depression and stress during the period of social distancing due to COVID-19 in students from a campus of the Federal Institute in the metropolitan area of Porto Alegre/RS. A correlational and exploratory study was performed. The sample of the present research was composed by 208 students, who responded to a self-administered online questionnaire with sociodemographic variables and the Depression, Anxiety and Stress Scale Short Form – DASS-21. The detected prevalence of symptoms classified as moderate-severe was 49% for stress, 39% for depression and 33% for anxiety. An association was found between higher levels of anxiety symptoms (OR = 5.652; 95% CI = 2.872–11.123; p < 0.001), depression (OR = 3.289; 95% CI = 1.810–5.978; p < 0.001) and stress (OR = 5.684; 95% CI = 3.120–10.355; p < 0.001) with occurrence of sleep problems during the period of social distancing. There was a protective factor provided by regular physical exercise in relation to depressive symptoms (OR = 0.490; 95% CI = 0.250–0.960; p =0.033). These data are extremely important for understanding the adverse effect on the mental health of students and for developing psychological support strategies, thus promoting well-being during and after the pandemic.
This study aims to investigate the infl uence of sociodemographic characteristics on the performance of older people on two tasks of verbal fl uency and provide normative data for a Brazilian population of healthy elderly individuals with different educational levels. The initial sample included 521 individuals aged from 60 years, participating in the Program Family Health Strategy. Participants who had scores suggestive of cognitive decline on the Mini-Mental State Examination, depressive symptoms in Geriatric Depression Scale and self-reported neurological or psychiatric disorders were excluded. The fi nal sample consisted of 218 participants in phonemic verbal fl uency task (letters F, A and S) and 265 participants for semantic verbal fl uency task (animals). The performance in both tests was associated with age and education, but not with sex. Still, the education variable was shown to have a greater impact on scores in phonemic and semantic tests than age in both forms of evocation. The results of this study suggest the importance of providing normative data for elderly Brazilians appropriate to age and education on verbal fl uency tasks. Keywords: Verbal fl uency, normative data, elderly. ResumoEste estudo buscou investigar a infl uência de características sociodemográfi cas no desempenho de idosos em duas tarefas de fl uência verbal, além de fornecer dados normativos de referência nessas tarefas, conforme níveis de educação, para a população brasileira de idosos saudáveis . A amostra inicial incluiu 521 idosos com idade a partir 60 anos, participantes do Programa Estratégia Saúde na Família. Foram excluídos os participantes que tinham pontuações sugestivas de declínio cognitivo no Mini Exame do Estado Mental, de sintomas depressivos na Escala de Depressão Geriátrica e com autorrelato de doenças neurológicas ou de distúrbios psiquiátricos. A amostra fi nal foi composta por 218 participantes que responderam à tarefa de fl uência verbal fonêmica (letras F, A e S) e 265 que responderam à tarefa semântica (animais). O desempenho em ambas as tarefas foi associado à idade e aos anos de ensino formal, mas não ao sexo. Ainda, a variável escolaridade mostrou ter um impacto maior no desempenho de fl uência verbal do que a idade em ambas as modalidades de evocação. Os resultados desse estudo sugerem a importância de oferecer dados normativos de idosos brasileiros, adequados à idade e à escolaridade, em tarefas de fl uência verbal.
The current work examines the effect of trial-by-trial feedback about correct and error responding on performance in two basic cognitive tasks: a classic Stroop task (n = 40) and a color-word matching task (n = 30). Standard measures of both RT and accuracy were examined in addition to measures obtained from fitting the ex-Gaussian distributional model to the correct RTs. For both tasks, RTs were faster in blocks of trials with feedback than in blocks without feedback, but this difference was not significant. On the other hand, with respect to the distributional analyses, providing feedback served to significantly reduce the size of the tails of the RT distributions. Such results suggest that, for conditions in which accuracy is fairly high, the effect of corrective feedback might either be to reduce the tendency to double-check before responding or to decrease the amount of attentional lapsing.
ResumoEste estudo objetivou examinar os efeitos de um Treinamento da Memória de Trabalho (TMT) em idosos saudáveis. Vinte participantes compuseram a amostra final, onze do grupo experimental (TMT) e nove do controle (socialização). Todos foram submetidos a uma avaliação neuropsicológica pré e pós-intervenção. Os encontros foram realizados uma vez por semana, durante três meses. Houve melhora significativa, no grupo experimental, em atenção concentrada, aprendizagem, memória de curto prazo e episódica, e no grupo controle, em um menor número de variáveis, na atenção concentrada e memória episódica. O TMT parece ter promovido efeito de transferência, principalmente na memória episódica, que é relacionada diretamente aos subsistemas da memória de trabalho (MT), sugerindo que o TMT pode ser útil no contexto da neuropsicologia do envelhecimento. Palavras-chave: Memória de trabalho, memória episódica, treinamento neuropsicológico, idoso. AbstractThe present study examined the effects of a Working Memory Training (WMT) in healthy elderly. Twenty participants comprised the final sample, eleven from the experimental group (WMT) and nine from the control group (socialization). Every subject underwent a neuropsychological evaluation pre and postintervention. The meetings were held once a week, for three months. Results indicated that subjects in the experimental group improved cognitive functions related to concentrated attention, learning, short-term and episodic memory. Subjects in the control group also demonstrated, in a smaller number of variables, improvement in concentrated attention and episodic memory. WMT seems to have generated a transfer effect, especially to episodic memory, which is directly related to the subsystem of working memory (WM), suggesting that WMT may be useful in the context of the neuropsychology of aging.
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