This systematic review sought to assess the impact of child maltreatment on cognitive functioning. Seventeen papers from Medline, PsycINFO, Embase and Amed (1995-2011) databases were analyzed based on inclusion/exclusion criteria. The studies have shown that maltreatment during childhood has deleterious effects on cognitive functioning. Overall, adults or children/teenagers exposed to abuse during childhood performed poorly on tasks meant to assess verbal episodic memory, working memory, attention, and executive functions. We conclude that child maltreatment is a risk factor for short and long-term development due to potential adverse effects on cognitive functioning. ResumoEste estudo buscou investigar os efeitos da exposição a maus-tratos sobre o funcionamento cognitivo através do método de revisão sistemática da literatura. Pelos bancos de dados Medline, PsycINFO, Embase e Amed (1995-2011), a partir de critérios de inclusão/exclusão, foram recuperados e analisados 17 trabalhos.Os estudos mostraram que há um efeito deletério de experiências de maus-tratos na infância no funcionamento cognitivo. De maneira geral, adultos ou crianças/adolescentes que sofreram maus-tratos na infância demonstraram um perfi l cognitivo inferior em tarefas que examinaram memória verbal episódica, memória de trabalho, atenção e componentes das funções executivas. Conclui-se que maus-tratos sofridos na infância constituem fatores de risco para o desenvolvimento, tanto a curto quanto a longo-prazo, pois podem acarretar prejuízos cognitivos. Palavras-chave: Maus tratos, funcionamento cognitivo, memória, funções executivas.

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Background: The aim of this study was to investigate differences in executive functions between adolescents exposed to different forms of single-and multitype childhood maltreatment. Method: The sample was composed of 83 adolescents, divided into three groups: single-type maltreatment (n = 24), multitype maltreatment (n = 19), and no history of maltreatment (n = 40), matched for education and sex. Results: The results showed that teenagers who suffered a single type of childhood maltreatment performed worse than the other two groups on tasks of cognitive flexibility and visual processing speed. Individuals who suffered multitype maltreatment had worse initiation and lower verbal processing speed than the other two groups. Conclusions: Childhood maltreatment may have a significant impact on executive functioning in adolescence. Key Practitioner Message• Adolescents exposed to childhood maltreatment may develop cognitive impairments • Adolescents who suffered a single type of childhood maltreatment performed worse on cognitive flexibility tasks than adolescents exposed to multi-type maltreatment and adolescents with no history of victimization• Adolescents who suffered a single type of childhood maltreatment performed worse on visual processing speed tasks than adolescents exposed to multi-type maltreatment and adolescents with no history of victimization• Childhood maltreatment may have a significant impact on executive functioning in adolescence

ResumoIntrodução: A funcionalidade cognitiva de idosos está relacionada à sua saúde, à qualidade de vida e ao bem-estar psicológico, sendo considerada um indicador importante de envelhecimento ativo e longevidade. Objetivo: Verificar os efeitos de um treino cognitivo na qualidade de vida e no bem-estar psicológico de idosos. Métodos: 76 idosos saudáveis, divididos em grupo experimental (GE) e grupo controle (GC). O GE recebeu doze sessões de treino cognitivo, que envolvia a instrução e prática de exercícios. Resultados: Após o treino, os idosos do GE apresentaram melhor desempenho cognitivo, melhor percepção de qualidade de vida e maiores índices de bem-estar psicológico. Conclusão: Conclui-se que intervenções cognitivas que incluem tarefas de atenção, memória e funções executivas podem contribuir para a melhora da qualidade de vida e do bem-estar psicológico de idosos. Palavras-chave: Treino Cognitivo; Qualidade de Vida; Bem-Estar Psicológico; Envelhecimento. AbstractIntroduction: The cognitive functioning of the elderly is related to their health, quality of life and psychological well-being and is considered an important indication of active aging and longevity. Objective: To verify the effects of a cognitive training program on the quality of life and psychological well-being of the elderly. Methods: 76 healthy elderly individuals were divided into experimental group (EG) and control group (CG). The EG received 12 sessions of cognitive training that involved exercise instruction and practice. Results: After training, the elderly from EG presented better cognitive performance, better perception of quality of life and better scores of psychological well-being. Conclusion: We conclude that cognitive interventions that include attention, memory and executive function tasks can contribute to the improvement of quality of life and psychological well-being of the elderly.

de Córdoba Castellá, P. (2014). The effects of age and emotional valence on recognition memory: An exGaussian components analysis. Scandinavian Journal of Psychology.The aim of this work was to study the effects of valence and age on visual image recognition memory. The International Affective Picture System (IAPS) battery was used, and response time data were analyzed using analysis of variance, as well as an ex-Gaussian fit method. Older participants were slower and more variable in their reaction times. Response times were longer for negative valence pictures, however this was statistically significant only for young participants. This suggests that negative emotional valence has a strong effect on recognition memory in young but not in old participants. The s parameter, often related to attention in the literature, was smaller for young than old participants in an ex-Gaussian fit. Differences on the s parameter might suggest poorer attentional performance in old participants.

This study aims to investigate the infl uence of sociodemographic characteristics on the performance of older people on two tasks of verbal fl uency and provide normative data for a Brazilian population of healthy elderly individuals with different educational levels. The initial sample included 521 individuals aged from 60 years, participating in the Program Family Health Strategy. Participants who had scores suggestive of cognitive decline on the Mini-Mental State Examination, depressive symptoms in Geriatric Depression Scale and self-reported neurological or psychiatric disorders were excluded. The fi nal sample consisted of 218 participants in phonemic verbal fl uency task (letters F, A and S) and 265 participants for semantic verbal fl uency task (animals). The performance in both tests was associated with age and education, but not with sex. Still, the education variable was shown to have a greater impact on scores in phonemic and semantic tests than age in both forms of evocation. The results of this study suggest the importance of providing normative data for elderly Brazilians appropriate to age and education on verbal fl uency tasks. Keywords: Verbal fl uency, normative data, elderly. ResumoEste estudo buscou investigar a infl uência de características sociodemográfi cas no desempenho de idosos em duas tarefas de fl uência verbal, além de fornecer dados normativos de referência nessas tarefas, conforme níveis de educação, para a população brasileira de idosos saudáveis . A amostra inicial incluiu 521 idosos com idade a partir 60 anos, participantes do Programa Estratégia Saúde na Família. Foram excluídos os participantes que tinham pontuações sugestivas de declínio cognitivo no Mini Exame do Estado Mental, de sintomas depressivos na Escala de Depressão Geriátrica e com autorrelato de doenças neurológicas ou de distúrbios psiquiátricos. A amostra fi nal foi composta por 218 participantes que responderam à tarefa de fl uência verbal fonêmica (letras F, A e S) e 265 que responderam à tarefa semântica (animais). O desempenho em ambas as tarefas foi associado à idade e aos anos de ensino formal, mas não ao sexo. Ainda, a variável escolaridade mostrou ter um impacto maior no desempenho de fl uência verbal do que a idade em ambas as modalidades de evocação. Os resultados desse estudo sugerem a importância de oferecer dados normativos de idosos brasileiros, adequados à idade e à escolaridade, em tarefas de fl uência verbal.

The current work examines the effect of trial-by-trial feedback about correct and error responding on performance in two basic cognitive tasks: a classic Stroop task (n = 40) and a color-word matching task (n = 30). Standard measures of both RT and accuracy were examined in addition to measures obtained from fitting the ex-Gaussian distributional model to the correct RTs. For both tasks, RTs were faster in blocks of trials with feedback than in blocks without feedback, but this difference was not significant. On the other hand, with respect to the distributional analyses, providing feedback served to significantly reduce the size of the tails of the RT distributions. Such results suggest that, for conditions in which accuracy is fairly high, the effect of corrective feedback might either be to reduce the tendency to double-check before responding or to decrease the amount of attentional lapsing.

Objective: Identify which variables are predictors of treatment adherence in cancer patients.Methods: Two hundred twenty cancer outpatients were evaluated by the following instruments: questionnaire on sociodemographic and clinical data, NEO-FFI Personality Inventory Revised (NEO-FFI-R), Multidimensional Health Locus of Control (MHLC) scale, Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale (HADS), patient's knowledge about cancer disease questionnaire, and Adherence Determinants Questionnaire (ADQ). A logistic regression analysis was applied to verify the predictive power of the variables, and network analyses were conducted through the qgraph package. Results:The sample was composed of 138 (62.7%) women and 82 (37.3%) men.The mean age of participants was 54.66 (SD = 13.30), and the education level mean was 8.32 (DP = 3.76) years of study. Powerful others locus of control (LOC) and the personality factors conscientiousness and agreeableness are presented as predictors of high treatment adherence. The variable family cancer history, on the other hand, was a predictor of lower adherence levels. Conclusions: The powerful others LOC may be connected with more trust and dependence in the health team, leading to better adherence. Specific characteristics of personality factors can help individuals to cooperate with their caregivers and to follow medical orders. The evaluated factors are interrelated and should be taken into account by health professionals when developing interventions to modify healthrelated behaviors and treatment adherence. KEYWORDS agreeableness, cancer, conscientiousness, locus of control, oncology, treatment adherence 1 | BACKGROUND Adherence of treatment can be defined as a rigorous following of health professional's recommendations, which include orientations about medicines, lifestyle changes, and preventive measures. The adherence is an attitude and a behavior: like attitude, it implies a willingness to follow the prescription recommendations; as a behavior, it is associated with the attainment of specific orientations. 1The concept is not related only to patients taking medication or not. Besides that, it is related to how a patient administers his/her own treatment, behavior factors, perceptions and ways of coping with adversity, and elements related to the health system that takes care of the individual. Thus, both aspects related to patient or disease/treatment can influence treatment adherence. 2 In this way, it is possible to understand that it is difficult to define which factors have major significance and how they interact when