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In West Africa, as in many parts of the world, livestock and fish farming suffer from the increasing cost of feed, especially protein ingredients, which are hardly available for village poultry farming and small-scale fish farming. Insects, which are a natural food source of poultry and fish and are rich in protein and other valuable nutrients, can be used to improve animal diets, a practice which is now strongly promoted by the FAO as a tool for poverty alleviation. This paper reviews practices and research on the use of insects as animal feed in West Africa and the perspectives to further develop the techniques, in particular for smallholder farmers and fish farmers. The most promising insects are flies, especially the house fly (Musca domestica) (Diptera Muscidae) and the black soldier fly (Hermetia illucens) (Diptera Stratiomyiidae), which can be mass reared on-farm for domestic use, in small production units at the community or industrial level. Flies have the advantage over most other insects of developing on freely available waste material and could even contribute to rural sanitation. Termites are traditionally used by smallholder farmers to feed village poultry. While their mass production is problematic, methods to enhance populations on-farm and facilitate collection can be developed. In any case, new methods will need to demonstrate their economic profitability, social acceptability and environmental sustainability

RESUMELes performances de ponte et la qualité des oeufs de 216 poules pondeuses ISA Brown âgées de 21 semaines ont été déterminées en les alimentant avec des rations contenant des feuilles séchées de manioc (Manihot esculenta, Crantz). Pendant douze semaines, trois groupes de 72 poules chacun (réparties en trois répétitions) sont soumises à trois différentes rations alimentaires (R0, R5 et R10) contenant chacune 0, 5 et 10% de feuilles séchées de manioc. Le taux de ponte des poules est plus élevé avec la ration R0, mais le poids moyen des oeufs s'est amélioré avec les rations R5 et R10. L'ingestion alimentaire était similaire dans tous les traitements, mais pendant le premier mois d'essai, l'indice de consommation alimentaire est négativement affecté (P < 0,05) par l'incorporation des feuilles de manioc dans les rations. Une réduction de 12 à 20 FCFA/kg du prix du kilogramme d'aliment par rapport au témoin a été notée mais le coût alimentaire était similaire à partir du deuxième mois. La qualité externe des oeufs (indice de forme, épaisseur et poids coquille) était similaire pour toutes les rations. Par contre, les optima de coloration du jaune (P < 0,05) et d'unité Haugh (P > 0,05) sont obtenus avec la ration contenant 5% de feuilles séchées de manioc. L'incorporation jusqu'à 5% de feuilles séchées de manioc dans l'alimentation des poules pondeuses a permis d'améliorer les performances de production et la qualité interne des oeufs.

This study was carried out to assess the nutrient composition of some unconventional and local feed resources available in Senegal so as to use them as protein supplement sources in the diets of indigenous chickens to enhance their productivity. Ten (10) unconventional and local ingredients from Senegal including leguminous leaves (Leuceana leucocephala, Cassia tora, Moringa oleifera, Adansonia digitata, Sesbania rostrata), cucurbit (Citrullus vulgaris) and roselle (Hibiscus sabdariffa) seeds, red and white cowpea (Vigna unguiculata seeds) and cockroaches (Blatta orientalis) were collected, sun-dried, processed into meal and analyzed for their chemical and macro-mineral composition using internationally established procedures. The results showed that the samples Dry Matter (DM) percent ranged from 89.3% (red cowpea) to 94.9% (C. vulgaris). The Crude Protein (CP) content ranged from 24.7% (white cowpea) to 61.9% (cockroaches meal), with A. digitata leaves having the lowest value (12.9%). Citrullus and Hibiscus seeds meal recorded the highest (38.8% and 18.9%) Ether Extract (EE) values, followed respectively by cockroaches (11.1%), Moringa (9.8%), Leuceana (6.4%) and Sesbania leaves meal (5.1%), while the others were below 4.5%. The crude fiber (CF) content was globally high in the leaves, ranging from 11.7% (M. oleifera) to 16.8% (C. tora) while that of seeds and cockroaches ranged from 1.9% (white cowpea) to 19% (Citrullus seeds). A. digitata leaves gave the highest ash content (25.2%), followed by Cassia (15.2%), Moringa (13.6%), Leuceana (11.4%) and Sesbania leaves (7.1%), while the others were below 5.6%. The metabolizable energy (ME) value calculated for seeds and cockroaches meal ranged from 3161 kcal/kg DM (cockroaches) to 4270 kcal/kg DM (C. vulgaris) and that of leaves from 1873 (A. digitata) to 2888.9 kcal/kg DM (M. oleifera). Cassia leaves contained the highest level of calcium (3.1%), followed by Adansonia and Leuceana (1.81%), Moringa and Sesbania leaves (1.41%), whilst cockroaches, Hibiscus and Citrullus seeds meal recorded respectively 0.93, 0.81 and 0.55% of phosphorus. These results showed that all the ingredients samples contained appreciable quantities of all dietary nutrients tested for which more or less make them partial or complete substitutes for the conventional feed sources.

Jute (Corchorus olitorius L.) is an indigenous leafy vegetable which leaves are very rich in amino acid and essential minerals and they form part of the meals of people of Asia, Middle East and parts of Africa. The plant is also used as a medicine and source of income for local communities. The aim of this study is to highlight the ethnobotanical importance of Corchorus olitorius L. in Benin. To contribute to the enhancement of C. olitorius, 14 localities of Benin were visited and 129 people were interviewed, during the investigation. Data were collected about social and phytomedicinal uses of jute. These investigations have led to the understanding that C. olitorius is cultivated in all localities of Benin by both women (53.40%) and men (46.60%). The plant has a vernacular name in each local dialect but the term '' Ninuwi '' in the '' Fon '' language is the most used (33%). On the ethnomedicinal plan, it is used in the treatment of several pathologies such as malaria, typhoid Original Research Article

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96142965 ou (+229) 95968136 RESUME L'efficience des rations alimentaires à base de feuilles séchées de manioc doux a été évaluée en alimentation des poulettes pendant seize semaines. Trois rations contenant 0% (R0), 5% (R5) et 10% (R10) de feuilles séchées de manioc ont été utilisées pour nourrir 225 poussins d'un jour de souche ISA Brown répartis en groupe de 25 poussins avec trois répétitions par ration. Les gains de poids moyen quotidien (8,5 à 9,2 g/j) et les indices de consommation (IC = 7,0 à 7,58) sont similaires (P > 0,05) pour toutes les rations alimentaires. L'incorporation des feuilles, n'a pas empêché d'atteindre les besoins nutritionnels recommandés aux poulettes. Ainsi, les rations à base de feuilles séchées de manioc, n'ont pas influé sur le taux de mortalité des poulettes. Mais, elles ont permis de réduire significativement (P < 0,05) le coût alimentaire. Par rapport à la ration R0, le coût alimentaire global a baissé de 11,5% et 7,4% respectivement pour les rations R5 et R10. Sur les deux phases expérimentales, les meilleures performances bioéconomiques ont été enregistrées chez les poulettes ayant reçu la ration contenant 5% de feuilles.