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Reports of β-lactam-resistant Staphylococcus aureus in artisanal goat cheese are increasing, and this phenomenon is relevant to public health. The objective of the present study was to determine the prevalence of S. aureus strains carrying the blaZ and mecA resistance genes, as well as the genes encoding the staphylococcal enterotoxins SEA, SEB, SEC, SED, SEE, and TSST-1 in artisanal coalho cheese made from goat milk produced in northeastern Brazil. We used biochemical and molecular tests to characterize 54 S. aureus isolates found in artisanal coalho cheese collected from commercial establishments producing animal products in 11 municipalities of Pernambuco State, Brazil. A PCR analysis revealed that 42.6% (23/54) of the isolates were positive for the blaZ gene, and 7.4% (4/54) were resistant to methicillin by phenotypic testing. We did not detect mecA or any genes encoding enterotoxins. The presence of S. aureus carriers of the blaZ gene and the identification of methicillin-resistant S. aureus strains are of concern for the health of consumers of this type of cheese.

RESUMO A fabricação de queijo coalho artesanal elaborado com leite de cabra é composta pelas etapas de obtenção do leite, refrigeração, manipulação e armazenamento, que aumentam o risco de contaminação do produto. Objetivou-se neste estudo avaliar o nível de contaminação por Staphylococcus aureus em amostras de queijo coalho artesanal produzido com leite de cabra cru no estado de Pernambuco, Brasil, bem como avaliar a concordância entre a técnica oficial da Instrução Normativa nº62/2003 (Mapa) e a técnica molecular (gene nuc) para identificar S. aureus no queijo. Houve crescimento de colônias típicas de Staphylococcus aureus em 100% das amostras, e a contagem variou de 7,0×103 a 8,6×106 UFC/g. Das 30 amostras analisadas, 18 (60,0%) apresentaram valores superiores ou iguais a 105UFC/g, e 21 (70,0%) estavam contaminadas por S. aureus. A concordância entre os métodos de diagnóstico de S. aureus em queijo coalho caprino foi moderada. O nível de contaminação dos queijos revela a necessidade de ações de melhoria das condições de elaboração do produto, a fim de garantir um produto seguro aos consumidores.

Sabe-se que toda intervenção cirúrgica está sujeita à ocorrência de processos infecciosos e que a pele do paciente é uma das fontes de infecção, tornando, portanto, a antissepsia do campo operatório de cães e gatos um procedimento indispensável. A infecção do sítio cirúrgico (ISC) pode se manifestar em até um ano após a realização do procedimento do cirúrgico, sendo uma das principais causas de morbidade e mortalidade de pacientes no pós-operatório. A antissepsia é definida como o ato de eliminar micro-organismos existentes nas camadas superficiais e profundas da pele, mediante aplicação de um agente germicida hipoalergênico, de baixa causticidade passível de ser aplicado em tecido vivo. Diversas soluções antissépticas podem ser utilizadas na antissepsia cutânea. Os produtos mais utilizados são o álcool a 70%, iodopovidona 10% e o gluconato de clorexidina alcoólica 0,5% e a 2% que podem ser encontrados em formulações aquosa, alcoólica e degermante. Diante das informações descritas e tendo em vista a importância da prevenção de infecções cirúrgicas na medicina veterinária objetiva-se com este trabalho fazer um levantamento bibliográfico sobre a antissepsia como medida profilática de infecções no pós-operatório de pequenos animais.

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Background:Buffaloes are susceptible to viral infections, often associated with pathologies of importance in cattle breeding. Among the numerous infectious diseases, Bovine Viral Diarrhea (BVDV) and Bovine Infectious Rhinotracheitis (IBR) have a negative impact on buffalo creations. This study aimed to detect the occurrence of bovine viral diarrhea virus (BVDV) and infectious bovine rhinotracheitis (IBR) virus infections in buffaloes in Pernambuco state, Brazil. Materials, Methods & Results:For this purpose, serum samples were obtained from 244 buffaloes on eight properties distributed in six municipalities. The search for anti-BVDV and -bovine herpesvirus type-1 (BoHV-1) antibodies was performed using the virus neutralization technique. To analyze the association between the serological status of BoHV-1 infection and aspects of hygienic-sanitary and reproductive management, an investigative questionnaire with objective questions was used. In total, 97.9% (239/244) of buffaloes had anti-BVDV antibodies and 56.1% (137/244) had anti-BoHV-1 antibodies. Co-infection was observed in 55.3% (135/244) of buffaloes. The distribution of antibody occurrence in buffaloes by properties ranged from 90.5% to 100.0% for BVDV and from 4.8% to 100% for BoHV-1. It was not possible to perform an association analysis for BVDV infection; however, in that for BoHV-1 infection, the following variables exhibited a significant association: an extensive breeding system (P < 0.001), open herd (P = 0.029), lack of reproductive rest (P = 0.029), natural mating in females with reproductive disorders (P < 0.001), exploration type (P = 0.0014), presence of wild animals (P < 0.001), and lack of cleaning facilities (P = 0.008). Discussion: The occurrence of anti-BVDV antibodies in this study was 97.9% this was higher than those reported in other country's regions. The results of the present study demonstrate a high occurrence of anti-BVDV antibodies in each of the properties in Pernambuco state, demonstrating that the animals have contact with infection sources, due to the large number of positive animals. Indeed, it is likely that there is at least one PI animal in every herd. It was observed that 100% of the properties possessed at least one positive animal. The high number of positive animal properties may be related to the absence of biosecurity measures; a subclinical BVDV infection can occur which the owners cannot identify it, as it is not common the adoption of a reproductive program in the region. The occurrence of the anti-BoHV-1 antibody in this study was 56.1%. In other states, both lower and higher prevalences were reported compared to this study. The high number of properties with positive animals may be related to several factors, including the ability of the virus to remain latent, thus introducing a single animal infected with BoHV-1 sufficient for infection spread and perpetuation in buffaloes. It is believed that the introduction of infected animals and the lack of disease knowledge by the producers may have been responsible for...

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