The most common treatments for rheumatoid arthritis include nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs), corticosteroids, disease modifying antirheumatic drugs (DMARDs), and some biological agents. However, none of the treatments available is able to achieve the ultimate goal of treatment, that is, drug-free remission. This limitation has shifted the focus of treatment to delivery strategies with an ability to deliver the drugs into the synovial cavity in the proper dosage while mitigating side effects to other tissues. A number of approaches like microemulsions, microspheres, liposomes, microballoons, cocrystals, nanoemulsions, dendrimers, microsponges, and so forth, have been used for intrasynovial delivery of these drugs. Amongst these, liposomes have proven to be very effective for retaining the drug in the synovial cavity by virtue of their size and chemical composition. The fast clearance of intra-synovially administered drugs can be overcome by use of liposomes leading to increased uptake of drugs by the target synovial cells, which in turn reduces the exposure of nontarget sites and eliminates most of the undesirable effects associated with therapy. This review focuses on the use of liposomes in treatment of rheumatoid arthritis and summarizes data relating to the liposome formulations of various drugs. It also discusses emerging trends of this promising technology.

No abstract

No abstract

No abstract

No abstract

No abstract

No abstract

Abstract:: Flavonoids are polyphenolic compounds that are mainly derived from fruits and vegetables and constitute an essential part of plant-derived beverages such as green tea, wine and cocoa-based products. They have been shown to possess anticancer effect via different mechanisms such as carcinogen inactivation, antiproliferation, cell cycle arrest, induction of apoptosis and differentiation, inhibition of angiogenesis, anti-oxidation and reversal of multidrug resistance or a combination of any two or more of these mechanisms. The present review summarizes the chemistry, biosynthesis and anticancer evaluation of flavonoids in both animal and human studies. A special emphasis has been placed on the flavonoids that are being screened in different phases of clinical trials for chemoprotective action against various cancers.